APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Colonies - American Revolution (1607 - 1789)>
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    • Washington - Tyler (1789-1845)>
      • George Washington (1789-1797)
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      • Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
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    • Manifest Destiny - Antebellum (1846 - 1860)>
      • Slavery and Sectioanlism
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      • Manifest Destiny
      • What Led to the Civil War
      • Economic Development
      • James Polk (1845 - 1849)
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    • Civil War - Industrilization (1861 - 1897)>
      • Court Cases (Post-Civil War)
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    • Roaring Twenties - WWII (1920 - 1945)
    • The Golden Age - The Cold War (1950 - 1990)
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[Stabilizing Economic Growth]

·      War of 1812 – economic growth and territorial expansion

·      1819: post-war depression

o   America lacks basic institution to sustain long-term growth

(The Government and Economic Growth)

·      War of 1812 effects

o   Chaos in shipping and banking

o   Inadequacy of the existing transportation and financial system

o   Political issues connected to national economic growth

·      Another national bank

o   First bank charter expired → state banks issued large number of bank notes -> confusing variety of currency, differing values

§  Easy to counterfeit

·      1816: Second Bank of U.S. charted

o   much like First Bank in 1791: but with more capital

o   could not:

§  forbid state banks from issuing notes

o   but could:

§  size and power enabled it to make state banks issue only sound notes

·      Congress acted to promote industry/manufacturing

o   Textile industry soared -> 1807-1815: cotton spindles increased dramatically

§  Before War, only NE produced, threads and yarns, mostly by family industry

o   Boston merchant (Francis Cabot Lowell) – developed power loom (better than English counterpart)

§  1813: Lowell (in Massachusetts) founded a small mill

·      British manufactured goods lower in price <- to protect American industry (1816), passed a tariff law

o   Objections from agricultural interests (stood to pay for higher prices for manufactured goods)

(Transportation)

·      debate: should fed. Gov. help finance roads and others?

o   Previous ex) 1803 – Ohio entered union, fed. Gov. gave some degree finance supports

o   1807: Congress passed (under Jefferson) using revenues from Ohio land sales to pay for National Road (from Potomac River to Ohio)

o   1818: Lancaster Pike <- financed partly by Pennsylvania

·      stem-powered shipping expanded

o   by 1816, river steamers in Mississippi <-> Ohio River

o   stimulated agricultural economy by cheapening the transportation price -> enabled manufacturers to send goods quickly

·      after war, increased transportation amount -> fed. gov. agreed to fund internal improvement <- Madison vetoed it (Congress lacked authority to fund the improvements w/out a constitutional amendment)

[Expanding Westward]

- 1820: white settlers pushed beyond the Mississippi River, increasing population

(The Great Migration)

·      South & Eat: 1800-1820: dramatic population growth, needed more land -> migration

·      West itself is attracting ppl

·      fed. gov.’s policy: pushed Indians farther and farther west

(White Settlers in the Old Northwest)

·      harsh, raw, basically nothing

·      migrants often moved in groups and built communities; develop system of mutual aid, worked together

·      mobility: constantly in move (settle in one place, sell the land with lots of $$ and moving off for new land)

(The Plantation System in the Old Southwest)

·      Old Southwest (deep south) -> market of cotton grew, agriculture economy development

o   Black Belt of central Alabama and Mississippi: dark, productive soil

·      small farmers -> wealthy planters

o   uncertain environment

o   more ppl expanded interior

o   built large slave work forces

·      Admission of four new states:

o   1816 – Indiana

o   1817 – Mississippi

o   1818 – Illinois

o   1819 – Alabama

(Trade and Trapping in the Far West)

·      trade between West grew

·      Mexico still controlled Texas, California, and most of Southwest; independence from 1821 -> began trading with U.S.

o   (1821) William Becknell from Missouri sold American manufactured goods

·      fur trade (John Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company) extended from the Great Lakes area westward to the Rockies

o   first bought fur from Indians; later moved into Indians to hunt for fur (“mountain men”) -> formed mixed family with Indian/Mexican women

o   1822: Andre and William Ashley founded the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, recruited white trappers to move permanently into the Rockies (often in isolation)

(Eastern Images of the West)

·      1819-1820: U.S. gov. sent Stephen H. Long to find the source of the Red River (Nebraska, eastern Colorado, Kansas)

o   report = land are uncultivable

o   Great Plain = Great American Desert (map label)

[The “Era of Good Feelings”]

- growing sprit of nationalism

(The End of the First Party System)

·      presidency mostly to Virginians (Republicans)

o   Jefferson -> Madison (1816), (1820)

·      decline of Federalists <- Monroe wanted faction partisan system would end

o   secretary of state: Jon Quincy Adams of Massachusetts (Federalist)

o   secretary of war: John C. Calhoun (Henry Clay declined)

·      Monroe took a national tour; welcomed in NE

o   Columbian Centinel: “ear of good feelings” arrived

o   Federalist virtually died out

 

(John Quincy Adams and Florida)

·      John Q. Adams: mostly spend his life as diplomat

·      Florida: land disputes in West Florida annexation

o   many still believed that America would gain control over the whole peninsula

o   1817: began nego. with Spanish minister (Luis de Onis)

·      Seminole War: Jackson requested Calhoun for taking measure to stop Seminole Indians south of border -> used as a pretext to invade Florida -> seized Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola

o   -> Adams urged the gov. to assume responsibility over Florida

o   proof of U.S.’s capability to take over land by force

·      Adams-Onis Treaty: 1819, Spain ceded all of Florida to the U.S. (42 parallel), America gave up its claims to Texas

(The Panic of 1819)

·      high foreign demand for American farm goods -> higher demand, higher price -> land price soared together -> easy credit granted by state/federal banks -> 1819: (British calls for $ back) -> bank of the U.S. began tightening credit, calling in loans, foreclosing mortgages -> failures of state bank -> six years of depression

[Sectionalism and Nationalism]

- difference between North and South -> threatening unity of U.S.

(The Missouri Compromise)

·      1819: Missouri applied as a state, had slavery

·      James Tallmadge Jr. of NY: amendment to the Missouri statehood bill that it would “prohibit slave trade -> gradual abolishment”

o   provoked controversy

·      1819: eleven free states / eleven slave states

·      Maine applied

o   final Senate conclusion: Missouri = slave state / Maine = free state

·      Senator Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois: proposed to prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana territory (north of the southern boundary of Missouri)

o   -> adopted Thomas amendment

o   Speak Clay: passed amended Main-Missouri bill (with difficulty)

·      resolution of a Union

(Marshall and the Court)

·      Marshall: 1801-1835

·      strengthening Supreme Court, increasing fed. gov. power, advancing the interests of middle (commercial) class

·      defended inviolability of contracts

o   Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – Georgia had made shady contracts with Yazoo Land companies <- Marshall: cannot repeal an act even though it may be corrupted

o   Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) – with charter from New Hampshire gov., Republicans tried to change Dartmouth College to be a state university from a private college <- Marshall: corporation charters = contracts, inviolable

·      Right to override state courts

·      Defended state rights

o   Cohens v. Virginia (1821) – constitutionality of state court decisions

§  states given their sovereignty of ratifying constitution (but must submit under federal courts)

o   McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – states cannot ban or tax bank (power of tax = power to destroy)

o   Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Steamboat license <- Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce

·      Promoted federal government to regulate economy -> promoted economic growth

o   protected corporations and other private economic institutions from local government interference

(The Court and the Tribes)

·      nationalist inclinations of the Marshall Court

·      set clear position for Native Americans

o   Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) – land treaty between Indians and white <- Marshall: only fed. gov. cn buy or take land from the tribes, and Indian lands belong to tribes with basic rights but under the laws of America

o   Worcester v. Georgia (1832) – invalidated Georgia’s law to regulate access whites to Cherokee country <- Marshall: only federal government can do that; tribes = sovereign entities

·      tribes have:

o   basic property rights

o   sovereign entity (not subject to state gov.)

·      tribes must object fed. gov.

(The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine)

·      nationalism in foreign policy -> in 1820s, dealing with Europe: develop policy toward Latin America

·      after the War of 1812: Spanish Empire diminishing, continent in revolt

o   many believed that: success of anti-Spanish revolts -> more American success

·      1815: U.S. neutrality between Spain and its colonies

o   sold ships/supplies to the revolutionaries (clearly supporting colonies)

·      1822: Monroe established diplomatic relations with five new nations (first nation to do so)

o   La Plata (Argentina) / Chile / Peru / Colombia / Mexico

·      1823: Monroe Doctrine – American continents are not subjected to European colonization

o   John Quincy Adams proposed it

·      many feared

o   Spain-France relations -> save lost Spanish empire in Latin America

o   Britain designs on Cuba <- Monroe and Adams wanted Cuba, so wanted Spanish to keep it for then from Britain

[The Revival of Opposition]

- 1816: Federalist offered no presidential candidate -> ceased to exist

- 1820s: partisan division <- primary cause of economic growth

·      Republicans: promotion of economic growth and centralization

·      Opposition: no fed. gov. intervention in the economy

(The “Corrupt Bargain”)

·      until 1820 – presidential candidates chosen by party caucuses in Congress

·      1824: “King Caucus” overthrown -> Republicans nominated William H. Carwford, but other candidates were nominated by state legislatures, won favor from irregular mass meetings

·      Candidates:

o   John Quincy Adams – received little popular appeal

o   Henry Clay – “American System” : creating a great home market for factory and farm producers through protective tariff, strengthening national bank, financing internal improvements

o   Andrew Jackson – new Senate member; military hero, political allies from Tennessee (his home state)

·      Time of Election:

o   Andrew Jackson received most popular and electoral votes <- election constitution said to choose among three candidates with the most electoral votes

§  Crawford: ill

§  Clay: vs. Jackson -> Clay supported Adams (supporter of American System + nationalist)

·      Adams won; named Clay as secretary of state (Secretary of State = route to Presidency)

o   Jacksonians angered, called “corrupt bargain”

(The Second President Adams)

·      Adams proposed “America Plan” <- most rejected by Jacksonians in Congress

·      faced diplomatic frustrations

o   Panama conference in 1826 – Congress opposed white Americans mixing with Blacks, delayed the approval so long that the conference ended

·      1828: tariff on imported goods (to calm down NE demands of woolen manufacturers)

o   to win support for the act, admin. had to set duties on other items <- antagonized the original supporters (raw material became expensive for first-hand producers)

o   Adams still signed the bill <- Southerners cursed it as “Tariff of Abominations”

(Jackson Triumphant)

·      Two parties:

o   1) John Quincy Adams “National Republicans” (supported the economic nationalism) <- attracted most remaining federalists

o   2) Andrew Jackson “Democratic Republicans” <- attracted those who opposed “economic aristocracy”

·      election campaign became a war of personal invective

o   Jackson: Adams live with extravagance

o   Adams: Jackson killed a lot of crimeless soldiers during the War of 1812, and his wife is a bigamist

·      Adams gained supports from NE and mid-Atlantic region / still, Jackson won -> “Era of the Common Man”

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