[Stabilizing Economic Growth]
· War of 1812 – economic growth and territorial expansion
· 1819: post-war depression
o America lacks basic institution to sustain long-term growth
(The Government and Economic Growth)
· War of 1812 effects
o Chaos in shipping and banking
o Inadequacy of the existing transportation and financial system
o Political issues connected to national economic growth
· Another national bank
o First bank charter expired → state banks issued large number of bank notes -> confusing variety of currency, differing values
§ Easy to counterfeit
· 1816: Second Bank of U.S. charted
o much like First Bank in 1791: but with more capital
o could not:
§ forbid state banks from issuing notes
o but could:
§ size and power enabled it to make state banks issue only sound notes
· Congress acted to promote industry/manufacturing
o Textile industry soared -> 1807-1815: cotton spindles increased dramatically
§ Before War, only NE produced, threads and yarns, mostly by family industry
o Boston merchant (Francis Cabot Lowell) – developed power loom (better than English counterpart)
§ 1813: Lowell (in Massachusetts) founded a small mill
· British manufactured goods lower in price <- to protect American industry (1816), passed a tariff law
o Objections from agricultural interests (stood to pay for higher prices for manufactured goods)
(Transportation)
· debate: should fed. Gov. help finance roads and others?
o Previous ex) 1803 – Ohio entered union, fed. Gov. gave some degree finance supports
o 1807: Congress passed (under Jefferson) using revenues from Ohio land sales to pay for National Road (from Potomac River to Ohio)
o 1818: Lancaster Pike <- financed partly by Pennsylvania
· stem-powered shipping expanded
o by 1816, river steamers in Mississippi <-> Ohio River
o stimulated agricultural economy by cheapening the transportation price -> enabled manufacturers to send goods quickly
· after war, increased transportation amount -> fed. gov. agreed to fund internal improvement <- Madison vetoed it (Congress lacked authority to fund the improvements w/out a constitutional amendment)
[Expanding Westward]
- 1820: white settlers pushed beyond the Mississippi River, increasing population
(The Great Migration)
· South & Eat: 1800-1820: dramatic population growth, needed more land -> migration
· West itself is attracting ppl
· fed. gov.’s policy: pushed Indians farther and farther west
(White Settlers in the Old Northwest)
· harsh, raw, basically nothing
· migrants often moved in groups and built communities; develop system of mutual aid, worked together
· mobility: constantly in move (settle in one place, sell the land with lots of $$ and moving off for new land)
(The Plantation System in the Old Southwest)
· Old Southwest (deep south) -> market of cotton grew, agriculture economy development
o Black Belt of central Alabama and Mississippi: dark, productive soil
· small farmers -> wealthy planters
o uncertain environment
o more ppl expanded interior
o built large slave work forces
· Admission of four new states:
o 1816 – Indiana
o 1817 – Mississippi
o 1818 – Illinois
o 1819 – Alabama
(Trade and Trapping in the Far West)
· trade between West grew
· Mexico still controlled Texas, California, and most of Southwest; independence from 1821 -> began trading with U.S.
o (1821) William Becknell from Missouri sold American manufactured goods
· fur trade (John Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company) extended from the Great Lakes area westward to the Rockies
o first bought fur from Indians; later moved into Indians to hunt for fur (“mountain men”) -> formed mixed family with Indian/Mexican women
o 1822: Andre and William Ashley founded the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, recruited white trappers to move permanently into the Rockies (often in isolation)
(Eastern Images of the West)
· 1819-1820: U.S. gov. sent Stephen H. Long to find the source of the Red River (Nebraska, eastern Colorado, Kansas)
o report = land are uncultivable
o Great Plain = Great American Desert (map label)
[The “Era of Good Feelings”]
- growing sprit of nationalism
(The End of the First Party System)
· presidency mostly to Virginians (Republicans)
o Jefferson -> Madison (1816), (1820)
· decline of Federalists <- Monroe wanted faction partisan system would end
o secretary of state: Jon Quincy Adams of Massachusetts (Federalist)
o secretary of war: John C. Calhoun (Henry Clay declined)
· Monroe took a national tour; welcomed in NE
o Columbian Centinel: “ear of good feelings” arrived
o Federalist virtually died out
(John Quincy Adams and Florida)
· John Q. Adams: mostly spend his life as diplomat
· Florida: land disputes in West Florida annexation
o many still believed that America would gain control over the whole peninsula
o 1817: began nego. with Spanish minister (Luis de Onis)
· Seminole War: Jackson requested Calhoun for taking measure to stop Seminole Indians south of border -> used as a pretext to invade Florida -> seized Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola
o -> Adams urged the gov. to assume responsibility over Florida
o proof of U.S.’s capability to take over land by force
· Adams-Onis Treaty: 1819, Spain ceded all of Florida to the U.S. (42 parallel), America gave up its claims to Texas
(The Panic of 1819)
· high foreign demand for American farm goods -> higher demand, higher price -> land price soared together -> easy credit granted by state/federal banks -> 1819: (British calls for $ back) -> bank of the U.S. began tightening credit, calling in loans, foreclosing mortgages -> failures of state bank -> six years of depression
[Sectionalism and Nationalism]
- difference between North and South -> threatening unity of U.S.
(The Missouri Compromise)
· 1819: Missouri applied as a state, had slavery
· James Tallmadge Jr. of NY: amendment to the Missouri statehood bill that it would “prohibit slave trade -> gradual abolishment”
o provoked controversy
· 1819: eleven free states / eleven slave states
· Maine applied
o final Senate conclusion: Missouri = slave state / Maine = free state
· Senator Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois: proposed to prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana territory (north of the southern boundary of Missouri)
o -> adopted Thomas amendment
o Speak Clay: passed amended Main-Missouri bill (with difficulty)
· resolution of a Union
(Marshall and the Court)
· Marshall: 1801-1835
· strengthening Supreme Court, increasing fed. gov. power, advancing the interests of middle (commercial) class
· defended inviolability of contracts
o Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – Georgia had made shady contracts with Yazoo Land companies <- Marshall: cannot repeal an act even though it may be corrupted
o Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) – with charter from New Hampshire gov., Republicans tried to change Dartmouth College to be a state university from a private college <- Marshall: corporation charters = contracts, inviolable
· Right to override state courts
· Defended state rights
o Cohens v. Virginia (1821) – constitutionality of state court decisions
§ states given their sovereignty of ratifying constitution (but must submit under federal courts)
o McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – states cannot ban or tax bank (power of tax = power to destroy)
o Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Steamboat license <- Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce
· Promoted federal government to regulate economy -> promoted economic growth
o protected corporations and other private economic institutions from local government interference
(The Court and the Tribes)
· nationalist inclinations of the Marshall Court
· set clear position for Native Americans
o Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) – land treaty between Indians and white <- Marshall: only fed. gov. cn buy or take land from the tribes, and Indian lands belong to tribes with basic rights but under the laws of America
o Worcester v. Georgia (1832) – invalidated Georgia’s law to regulate access whites to Cherokee country <- Marshall: only federal government can do that; tribes = sovereign entities
· tribes have:
o basic property rights
o sovereign entity (not subject to state gov.)
· tribes must object fed. gov.
(The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine)
· nationalism in foreign policy -> in 1820s, dealing with Europe: develop policy toward Latin America
· after the War of 1812: Spanish Empire diminishing, continent in revolt
o many believed that: success of anti-Spanish revolts -> more American success
· 1815: U.S. neutrality between Spain and its colonies
o sold ships/supplies to the revolutionaries (clearly supporting colonies)
· 1822: Monroe established diplomatic relations with five new nations (first nation to do so)
o La Plata (Argentina) / Chile / Peru / Colombia / Mexico
· 1823: Monroe Doctrine – American continents are not subjected to European colonization
o John Quincy Adams proposed it
· many feared
o Spain-France relations -> save lost Spanish empire in Latin America
o Britain designs on Cuba <- Monroe and Adams wanted Cuba, so wanted Spanish to keep it for then from Britain
[The Revival of Opposition]
- 1816: Federalist offered no presidential candidate -> ceased to exist
- 1820s: partisan division <- primary cause of economic growth
· Republicans: promotion of economic growth and centralization
· Opposition: no fed. gov. intervention in the economy
(The “Corrupt Bargain”)
· until 1820 – presidential candidates chosen by party caucuses in Congress
· 1824: “King Caucus” overthrown -> Republicans nominated William H. Carwford, but other candidates were nominated by state legislatures, won favor from irregular mass meetings
· Candidates:
o John Quincy Adams – received little popular appeal
o Henry Clay – “American System” : creating a great home market for factory and farm producers through protective tariff, strengthening national bank, financing internal improvements
o Andrew Jackson – new Senate member; military hero, political allies from Tennessee (his home state)
· Time of Election:
o Andrew Jackson received most popular and electoral votes <- election constitution said to choose among three candidates with the most electoral votes
§ Crawford: ill
§ Clay: vs. Jackson -> Clay supported Adams (supporter of American System + nationalist)
· Adams won; named Clay as secretary of state (Secretary of State = route to Presidency)
o Jacksonians angered, called “corrupt bargain”
(The Second President Adams)
· Adams proposed “America Plan” <- most rejected by Jacksonians in Congress
· faced diplomatic frustrations
o Panama conference in 1826 – Congress opposed white Americans mixing with Blacks, delayed the approval so long that the conference ended
· 1828: tariff on imported goods (to calm down NE demands of woolen manufacturers)
o to win support for the act, admin. had to set duties on other items <- antagonized the original supporters (raw material became expensive for first-hand producers)
o Adams still signed the bill <- Southerners cursed it as “Tariff of Abominations”
(Jackson Triumphant)
· Two parties:
o 1) John Quincy Adams “National Republicans” (supported the economic nationalism) <- attracted most remaining federalists
o 2) Andrew Jackson “Democratic Republicans” <- attracted those who opposed “economic aristocracy”
· election campaign became a war of personal invective
o Jackson: Adams live with extravagance
o Adams: Jackson killed a lot of crimeless soldiers during the War of 1812, and his wife is a bigamist
· Adams gained supports from NE and mid-Atlantic region / still, Jackson won -> “Era of the Common Man”
· War of 1812 – economic growth and territorial expansion
· 1819: post-war depression
o America lacks basic institution to sustain long-term growth
(The Government and Economic Growth)
· War of 1812 effects
o Chaos in shipping and banking
o Inadequacy of the existing transportation and financial system
o Political issues connected to national economic growth
· Another national bank
o First bank charter expired → state banks issued large number of bank notes -> confusing variety of currency, differing values
§ Easy to counterfeit
· 1816: Second Bank of U.S. charted
o much like First Bank in 1791: but with more capital
o could not:
§ forbid state banks from issuing notes
o but could:
§ size and power enabled it to make state banks issue only sound notes
· Congress acted to promote industry/manufacturing
o Textile industry soared -> 1807-1815: cotton spindles increased dramatically
§ Before War, only NE produced, threads and yarns, mostly by family industry
o Boston merchant (Francis Cabot Lowell) – developed power loom (better than English counterpart)
§ 1813: Lowell (in Massachusetts) founded a small mill
· British manufactured goods lower in price <- to protect American industry (1816), passed a tariff law
o Objections from agricultural interests (stood to pay for higher prices for manufactured goods)
(Transportation)
· debate: should fed. Gov. help finance roads and others?
o Previous ex) 1803 – Ohio entered union, fed. Gov. gave some degree finance supports
o 1807: Congress passed (under Jefferson) using revenues from Ohio land sales to pay for National Road (from Potomac River to Ohio)
o 1818: Lancaster Pike <- financed partly by Pennsylvania
· stem-powered shipping expanded
o by 1816, river steamers in Mississippi <-> Ohio River
o stimulated agricultural economy by cheapening the transportation price -> enabled manufacturers to send goods quickly
· after war, increased transportation amount -> fed. gov. agreed to fund internal improvement <- Madison vetoed it (Congress lacked authority to fund the improvements w/out a constitutional amendment)
[Expanding Westward]
- 1820: white settlers pushed beyond the Mississippi River, increasing population
(The Great Migration)
· South & Eat: 1800-1820: dramatic population growth, needed more land -> migration
· West itself is attracting ppl
· fed. gov.’s policy: pushed Indians farther and farther west
(White Settlers in the Old Northwest)
· harsh, raw, basically nothing
· migrants often moved in groups and built communities; develop system of mutual aid, worked together
· mobility: constantly in move (settle in one place, sell the land with lots of $$ and moving off for new land)
(The Plantation System in the Old Southwest)
· Old Southwest (deep south) -> market of cotton grew, agriculture economy development
o Black Belt of central Alabama and Mississippi: dark, productive soil
· small farmers -> wealthy planters
o uncertain environment
o more ppl expanded interior
o built large slave work forces
· Admission of four new states:
o 1816 – Indiana
o 1817 – Mississippi
o 1818 – Illinois
o 1819 – Alabama
(Trade and Trapping in the Far West)
· trade between West grew
· Mexico still controlled Texas, California, and most of Southwest; independence from 1821 -> began trading with U.S.
o (1821) William Becknell from Missouri sold American manufactured goods
· fur trade (John Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company) extended from the Great Lakes area westward to the Rockies
o first bought fur from Indians; later moved into Indians to hunt for fur (“mountain men”) -> formed mixed family with Indian/Mexican women
o 1822: Andre and William Ashley founded the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, recruited white trappers to move permanently into the Rockies (often in isolation)
(Eastern Images of the West)
· 1819-1820: U.S. gov. sent Stephen H. Long to find the source of the Red River (Nebraska, eastern Colorado, Kansas)
o report = land are uncultivable
o Great Plain = Great American Desert (map label)
[The “Era of Good Feelings”]
- growing sprit of nationalism
(The End of the First Party System)
· presidency mostly to Virginians (Republicans)
o Jefferson -> Madison (1816), (1820)
· decline of Federalists <- Monroe wanted faction partisan system would end
o secretary of state: Jon Quincy Adams of Massachusetts (Federalist)
o secretary of war: John C. Calhoun (Henry Clay declined)
· Monroe took a national tour; welcomed in NE
o Columbian Centinel: “ear of good feelings” arrived
o Federalist virtually died out
(John Quincy Adams and Florida)
· John Q. Adams: mostly spend his life as diplomat
· Florida: land disputes in West Florida annexation
o many still believed that America would gain control over the whole peninsula
o 1817: began nego. with Spanish minister (Luis de Onis)
· Seminole War: Jackson requested Calhoun for taking measure to stop Seminole Indians south of border -> used as a pretext to invade Florida -> seized Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola
o -> Adams urged the gov. to assume responsibility over Florida
o proof of U.S.’s capability to take over land by force
· Adams-Onis Treaty: 1819, Spain ceded all of Florida to the U.S. (42 parallel), America gave up its claims to Texas
(The Panic of 1819)
· high foreign demand for American farm goods -> higher demand, higher price -> land price soared together -> easy credit granted by state/federal banks -> 1819: (British calls for $ back) -> bank of the U.S. began tightening credit, calling in loans, foreclosing mortgages -> failures of state bank -> six years of depression
[Sectionalism and Nationalism]
- difference between North and South -> threatening unity of U.S.
(The Missouri Compromise)
· 1819: Missouri applied as a state, had slavery
· James Tallmadge Jr. of NY: amendment to the Missouri statehood bill that it would “prohibit slave trade -> gradual abolishment”
o provoked controversy
· 1819: eleven free states / eleven slave states
· Maine applied
o final Senate conclusion: Missouri = slave state / Maine = free state
· Senator Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois: proposed to prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana territory (north of the southern boundary of Missouri)
o -> adopted Thomas amendment
o Speak Clay: passed amended Main-Missouri bill (with difficulty)
· resolution of a Union
(Marshall and the Court)
· Marshall: 1801-1835
· strengthening Supreme Court, increasing fed. gov. power, advancing the interests of middle (commercial) class
· defended inviolability of contracts
o Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – Georgia had made shady contracts with Yazoo Land companies <- Marshall: cannot repeal an act even though it may be corrupted
o Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) – with charter from New Hampshire gov., Republicans tried to change Dartmouth College to be a state university from a private college <- Marshall: corporation charters = contracts, inviolable
· Right to override state courts
· Defended state rights
o Cohens v. Virginia (1821) – constitutionality of state court decisions
§ states given their sovereignty of ratifying constitution (but must submit under federal courts)
o McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – states cannot ban or tax bank (power of tax = power to destroy)
o Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Steamboat license <- Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce
· Promoted federal government to regulate economy -> promoted economic growth
o protected corporations and other private economic institutions from local government interference
(The Court and the Tribes)
· nationalist inclinations of the Marshall Court
· set clear position for Native Americans
o Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) – land treaty between Indians and white <- Marshall: only fed. gov. cn buy or take land from the tribes, and Indian lands belong to tribes with basic rights but under the laws of America
o Worcester v. Georgia (1832) – invalidated Georgia’s law to regulate access whites to Cherokee country <- Marshall: only federal government can do that; tribes = sovereign entities
· tribes have:
o basic property rights
o sovereign entity (not subject to state gov.)
· tribes must object fed. gov.
(The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine)
· nationalism in foreign policy -> in 1820s, dealing with Europe: develop policy toward Latin America
· after the War of 1812: Spanish Empire diminishing, continent in revolt
o many believed that: success of anti-Spanish revolts -> more American success
· 1815: U.S. neutrality between Spain and its colonies
o sold ships/supplies to the revolutionaries (clearly supporting colonies)
· 1822: Monroe established diplomatic relations with five new nations (first nation to do so)
o La Plata (Argentina) / Chile / Peru / Colombia / Mexico
· 1823: Monroe Doctrine – American continents are not subjected to European colonization
o John Quincy Adams proposed it
· many feared
o Spain-France relations -> save lost Spanish empire in Latin America
o Britain designs on Cuba <- Monroe and Adams wanted Cuba, so wanted Spanish to keep it for then from Britain
[The Revival of Opposition]
- 1816: Federalist offered no presidential candidate -> ceased to exist
- 1820s: partisan division <- primary cause of economic growth
· Republicans: promotion of economic growth and centralization
· Opposition: no fed. gov. intervention in the economy
(The “Corrupt Bargain”)
· until 1820 – presidential candidates chosen by party caucuses in Congress
· 1824: “King Caucus” overthrown -> Republicans nominated William H. Carwford, but other candidates were nominated by state legislatures, won favor from irregular mass meetings
· Candidates:
o John Quincy Adams – received little popular appeal
o Henry Clay – “American System” : creating a great home market for factory and farm producers through protective tariff, strengthening national bank, financing internal improvements
o Andrew Jackson – new Senate member; military hero, political allies from Tennessee (his home state)
· Time of Election:
o Andrew Jackson received most popular and electoral votes <- election constitution said to choose among three candidates with the most electoral votes
§ Crawford: ill
§ Clay: vs. Jackson -> Clay supported Adams (supporter of American System + nationalist)
· Adams won; named Clay as secretary of state (Secretary of State = route to Presidency)
o Jacksonians angered, called “corrupt bargain”
(The Second President Adams)
· Adams proposed “America Plan” <- most rejected by Jacksonians in Congress
· faced diplomatic frustrations
o Panama conference in 1826 – Congress opposed white Americans mixing with Blacks, delayed the approval so long that the conference ended
· 1828: tariff on imported goods (to calm down NE demands of woolen manufacturers)
o to win support for the act, admin. had to set duties on other items <- antagonized the original supporters (raw material became expensive for first-hand producers)
o Adams still signed the bill <- Southerners cursed it as “Tariff of Abominations”
(Jackson Triumphant)
· Two parties:
o 1) John Quincy Adams “National Republicans” (supported the economic nationalism) <- attracted most remaining federalists
o 2) Andrew Jackson “Democratic Republicans” <- attracted those who opposed “economic aristocracy”
· election campaign became a war of personal invective
o Jackson: Adams live with extravagance
o Adams: Jackson killed a lot of crimeless soldiers during the War of 1812, and his wife is a bigamist
· Adams gained supports from NE and mid-Atlantic region / still, Jackson won -> “Era of the Common Man”
