APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Manifest Destiny - Antebellum (1846 - 1860)>
      • Slavery and Sectioanlism
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      • Manifest Destiny
      • What Led to the Civil War
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      • James Polk (1845 - 1849)
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[Looking Westward]

- by 1840s, gained all territory except Hawaii and Alaska

- “Manifest Destiny”

(Manifest Destiny)

·      mid-1800s : American nationalism + idealistic vision of social perfection

o   God and history -> to expand the American boundary

·      “penny press” : publicized the ideas of Manifest Destiny

o   “empire of liberty” : Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands

·      opposition : Henry Clay warmed that territorial expansion would open the conflicts over slavery again

·      for the expansion : Oregon and Texas issues

(Americans in Texas)

·      1820s : U.S. asked Mexico to purchase Texas twice <- Mexico refused indignantly

·      1824 : Mexican gov.’s colonization (immigration) law – offering cheap land and four-year exemption from taxes to any American moving into Texas

o   many Americans moved in

§  Stephen F. Austin (Missouri) 1822 created powerful centers (threatening to Mexican government)

·      1830 : Mexican gov. banned further immigration of Americans

o   but kept flowing into Mexico

·      Mexico-America tension grew -> General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seized power as a dictator

o   increased power of national government than state government

o   1835 : sporadic fighting -> 1836 : Americans declared independence from Mexicans -> Santa Anna crushed the rebellion -> General Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army in Battle of San Jacinto (1836 April 21st), taking Santa Anna as prisoner -> Santa Anna forced to sign a treaty to give Texas independence

·      most original Mexicans had to settle in different regions without disfavor-able status

·      Sam Houston sent the delegation to Washington for Texas annexation -> Jackson, fearing for sectional tension, delayed annexation until 1837

·      England and France forging ties with Texas <- Tyler persuaded Texas for statehood <- Northern senator declined it

(Oregon)

·      Britain and U.S. claimed the sovereignty in the region -> Treaty of 1818 : both countries can settle (a.k.a) “Joint Occupation”

·      American interest (population) grew in Oregon between 1820s and 1830s -> eventually outnumbered British population

o   Americans devastated much of the Indian population

§  spreading measles through Cayuse, up and down the Pacific coast

(The Westward Migration)

·      1840 – 1860

·      largest migrants from Old Northwest

o   young ppl travelled in family groups

·      1850s : Great California Gold Rush

o   many single men

·      poor ppl joined other families or as a group of laborers

o   men = farmer, rancher

o   women = domestic servants, teachers, (sometimes) prostitutes

·      Journey : gathered in major depots in Iowa and Missouri -> joined a wagon train led by hired guides -> set off with their belongings in the wagon and livestock following behind

o   men walked by feet

o   women did the cooking and washing

·      Oregon Trail : 2,000 miles long, stretched from Independence (one of the depot) across the Great Plains and through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains

·      passages lasted about 5-6 months (May to Nov.)

·      dangers of diseases (cholera)

·      Generally travelled with close friends – very communal

o   only a few experienced Indian attacks

o   0.1% died on the trip (about 400 people)

o   Indians served as guides, traded horses, clothing, and fresh food

[Expansion and War]

- 1840s : expansionists pressured the government to annex Texas, Oregon and other territories

(The Democrats and Expansion)

·      Henry Clay & Martin Van Buren : tried to avoid the topic of territorial expansion

o   Whig Party : did not strongly advocate for land expansion -> nominated Henry Clay

o   Democrats : nominated James K. Polk (an expansionist)

·      Polk – Tennessee, House of Representatives for 14 years

o   1844 : out of public office for three years

o   main election tactic : “re-occupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas”

o   Polk won the election

·      Polk won congressional approval for Texas annexation

o   1845 December : Texas became a state

·      Fifty-four forty or fight!

o   Treaty of Washington (1846) : divided the territory at the 49th parallel

(The Southern and California)

·      U.S. admitted Texas to statehood (1845) -> Mexican gov. broke diplomatic relations with Washington -> tension grew -> Mexican claimed Nueces River (north of the Rio Grande) as the border -> (1845 Summer) Polk sent armies (led by General Zachary Taylor) to Texas in case of Mexican invasion

·      New Mexico (Spanish and Indian residents) : (1820s) Mexicans invited Americans into the region -> Americans outnumbered Mexican residents -> flourishing economic partnership with Santa Fe and Independence (Missouri)

·      California : white Americans began to migrate (maritime traders or other ship crews for bartering goods and supplies) -> merchants established stores and imported goods, developed the trade with Mexicans and Indians -> farmers moved in (settled along Sacramento Valley)

·      Polk wanted to acquire both New Mexico and California

o   dispatched the troops under Taylor to Texas

o   sent secret instructions to the commander of the Pacific naval squadron : seized California fort if Mexico declared war

o   informed California residents (Americans) that U.S. would aid the revolt against Mexican authority

(The Mexican War)

·      Polk turned to diplomacy, attempting to buy the disputed territories -> Mexicans rejected the claims -> Polk ordered Taylor’s army in Texas to move across Nueces River to the Rio Grande -> several months later Mexican soldiers (so it was claimed) attacked Americans -> 1846 May 13 : Congress declared war

·      Whig criticized Polk for deliberately stirring Mexico / opposition intensified as the causalities and expense

·      War lasted longer than Polk had hoped

o   Taylor captured city Monterrey (1846) -> let the Mexican garrison evacuate w/out pursuit

o   Polk feared that either : 1) Taylor lacked tactical skills; 2) Taylor would become successful and turn as a powerful political rival

·      Bear Flag Revolt : 1846 Summer : an army led by Colonel Stephen W. Kearny captured Santa Fe -> proceeded to California / joined with Americans in struggle already (John C. Fremont + American navy)

o   Kearny conquered California by the autumn of 1846

·      Mexico refused to surrender (or recognize the land loss)

·      Polk + General Winfield Scott launched a new campaign : an army transported down the Mexican coast to Veracruz -> finally seized the Mexican capital

o   new Mexican gov. took power and announced to negotiate for peace treaty

·      Polk encouraged to annex as much of Mexico as possible

o   sent Nicholas Trist (U.S.)

·      Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) : 1) Mexico agreed to cede California and New Mexico to the U.S., / 2) Rio Grande = boundary of Texas

o   in return, U.S. : 1) assumed financial claims against Mexico of new citizens / 2) paid the Mexicans $15 million

·      Polk was disappointed because Trist didn't annex more additional Mexican lands

o   had to act quickly to calm expansionists and antislavery leaders

[The Sectional Debate]

- Northeasterners and Westerners opposed Polk’s policies, thinking it favored South

(Slavery and the Territories)

·      1846 :  Polk asked the congress for $2 million to purchase the land -> David Wilmot (Pennsylvania, anti-slavery Democrat) submitted an amendment to prohibit slavery in newly-purchased territory

o   -> became known as “Wilmot Proviso”

§  failed to pass in the Senate

o   Southerners’ reason : all Americans have rights to move freely into any American territories with their properties (slaves)

·      Polk : attempted to extend the Missouri Compromise line (banning slavery in north of the line)

·      “squatter sovereignty” – “popular sovereignty” : allow ppl to decide the status of slavery

·      Election of 1848 :

o   Whig : Polk in bad health, refused to run again -> Lewis Cass (an aging party regular)

o   Democrats : General Zachary Taylor (lacked political experiences)

o   Free Soil Party : Martin Van Buren

§  foreshadowing collapse of two-party system in 1850s

(The California Gold Rush)

·      1848 : John Sutter found gold in the foothills of Sierra Nevada -> thousands of people rushed to California for gold

o   California migrants “Forty-niners”

§  white single men (w/out women, children, or families)

·      Chinese immigrants : usually adventurous poor men <- emigration brokers loaned money to migrants for passageways and Chinese were expected to pay back after earning money in America

·      serious labor shortage

o   Chinese took on the jobs

o   exploitation of Indians : “slavery”

§  state law permitted arrest of wandering or orphaned Indians and force work as indentured servants

·      only small fraction of people found gold -> many went back after a while but most stayed

·      California’s population soared -> cause of racial/ethical tensions

(Rising Sectional Tensions)

·      Taylor believed that statehood can solve the problem of slavery -> California (1849) tried to admitted in the Union as a free state

·      controversies

o   antislavery forces trying to make Washington D.C. a free state

o   antislavery forces trying to repeal fugitive slave act by appealing to personal freedom

o   Southerners feared the imbalance of slave/free states

·      future problems : New Mexico, Oregon, Utah

(The Compromise of 1850)

·      Henry Clay (1850 Jan.) : 1) admission of California as a free state / 2) forming territorial governments in new territories, w/out restrictions on slavery / 3) abolition of slave trade but not slaves in Washington D.C. / 4) new & more effective fugitive slave law

o   debate lasted for 7 months

o   rising of young group of leaders

·      1850 July : Taylor died -> Millard Fillmore (NY) succeeded him

o   supported the compromise <- persuaded Whigs

·      Stephen A. Douglass (Illinois senator) : proposed to break up “omnibus bill” and introduce separate solutions to be voted one by one

o   gained other supports from selling gov. bonds and railroad construction

·      Compromise of 1850 passed <- Fillmore called it a just settlement of the sectional problem

[The Crises of the 1850s]

- tension still growing

(The Uneasy Truce)

·      Election of 1852 : both nominated unidentified sectional passions

o   Democrats : Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire)

o   Whigs : Winfield Scott (war hero)

o   Free Soil : John P. Hale (antislavery)

·      many of Whigs switched to Free Soil <- division helped Democrats to win the election

·      Fillmore : attempted to maintain harmony but

o   Northern opposition against Fugitive Slave Act intensified

§  mobs formed to reject this law

§  several Northern states passed their own laws barring the deportation of fugitive slaves

o   Southern worried that Compromise of 1850 would collapse

(“Young America”)

·      Young America (democrats movement) : expansion of American democrats

o   influenced by great liberal and nationalist revolutions of 1848

o   hoped for acquiring new territories in the West Hemisphere

·      Pierce : unsuccessful diplomatic attempts to buy Cuba from Spain (since 1848 in Polk era)

·      Ostend Manifesto (1854) : group of his envoys sent Fillmore a private document from Ostend (Belgium) for plan to seize Cuba

o   Northern opposition to bringing new slave states

·      Kingdom of Hawaii (1854) admittance to Union : failed in Senate for prohibiting slavery in the islands

·      annexation of Canada foundered in some parts because of slavery

(Slavery, Railroads, and the West)

·      Western lands : discovered to be suitable for farming

o   no opposition against Indian policies

o   opposition against : 1) railroad / 2) slavery

·      Railroad : - North supported to connect Chicago / v. / - South supported to connect St. Louis (New Orleans)

·      1853 : Pierce’s Secretary of War (Jefferson Davis of Mississippi) sent James Gadsden (southern railroad builder) to negotiate part of present Arizona and New Mexico <- (Gadsden Purchase)

o   accentuated sectional rivalry

(The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy)

·      Stephen A. Douglass (Illinois Senate, Democrats) wanted the transcontinental railroad for Northern section

o   realized the Northern railroad would run through most Indian territories

o   -> Jan 1854 : organized Nebraska, west of Iowa and Missouri settlement

·      Douglass’s Kansas-Nebraska Act

o   1) the free/slave state status would be determined by the state’s legislature (votes)

o   2) “repealed” Missouri Compromise

o   3) divided the territory into two parts : 1) Nebraska / 2) Kansas (most likely a slave state)

·      Pierce supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act

o   passed in May 1854 by unanimous supports of South and partial supports from North

·      destroyed Whig Party, divided the northern Democrats (because Missouri Compromise is repealed)

o   formation of new parties: 1) Anti-Nebraska Democrats / 2) Anti-Nebraska Whigs

§  -> 1852 : Republican Party

ú  allies with Know-Nothings -> organize House of Reps.

ú  won enough seats in congress

(“Bleeding Kansas”)

·      white settlers moving into Kansas

·      1855 : Missourians and others moved into Kansas for voting for free/slave state status

o   pro-slavery force won; slavery legalized

·      free-stators (within Kansas) sent delegates for Topeka convention

o   adopted a constitution excluding slavery

o   chose their own governor and legislatures

o   petitioned Congress for statehood

·      Pierce denounced free-stators as traitors, and supported the pro-slavery legislature

o   pro-slavery militia arrested the free-state leaders, burned governor’s house, destroyed several printing presses

·      Pottawatomie Massacre - John Brown : led six followers (four of his sons) and killed five pro-slavery settlers

o   led to civil strife

·      “Bleeding Kansas” = symbol of sectional controversy

·      1856 : Senator Charles Sumner gave a fulminating speech to South (specifically to Senator Andrew P. Butler of SC) -> Preston Brooks (House of Rep. – nephew of Butler) hit Sumner with his heavy cane until Sumner became unconscious

o   Sumner became a hero in North (couldn’t return to Senate for four years)

o   Brooks became a hero in South –resigned but soon voted back to House of Rep.

(The Free-Soil Ideology)

·      “free soil” & “free labor” – continued growth and progress

·      Northern whites argued that slavery is not democratic since it is a resemblance of aristocracy

o   (as they argued) South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation…destroying the openness of northern capitalism

o   <- solution is to fight the spread of slavery for advancing democracy

·      ideologue of Republican Party -> strengthened the Republicans to the Union

o   opposed dismemberment of the nation

(The Pro-Slavery Argument)

·      reasons for pro-slavery

o   Nat Turner uprising (1831)

o   growth of cotton plantation in Deep South

o   growth of Garrisonian abolitionist movement, popularity of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and other intellectuals attacking South

·      Intellectual Defense of Slavery

o   (1832) Professor Thomas R. Dew of the College of William and Mary

§  Southern Apologists

o   The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837)

§  John C. Calhoun supported it

o   slavery is good because

§  slaves had better conditions than industrial workers

§  this is the only way two races can live together

§  slavery -> south economy -> prosperity of all nation

o   superiority of Southern elements, secured

§   North = source of greed, debauchery, and destructiveness

§  North’s factory system is miserably horrible

§  filled with unruly immigrants

o   biological inferiority of African Americans

§  inheritably unfit to take care of themselves

§  cannot exercise citizenship by themselves

(Buchanan and Depression)

·      1856 presidential election

o   Democrats : James Buchanan of Pennsylvania (not related to recent controversies)

o   Republican : John C. Fremont (explorer of Far West)

o   Know-Nothing (Native American) (kind of falling down) : Millard Fillmore (former president)

·      Buchanan elected -> did not act effectively to crucial moment

·      financial panic lasted for several years

o   North blamed Southern-controlled Democratic administrations

o   North joined force in Republican

(The Dred Scott Decision)

·      1857 March court case – sectional controversy

·      Dred Scott (Missouri Slave) moved along with his master to Illinois, Wisconsin (free states) -> 1846, after his master died, sued his master’s widow for freedom -> 1850 Dred Scott was set free -> Sanford (Scott’s master’s brother) sued Dred Scott that he is not a rightful citizen in the first place to sue

o   Taney : Dred Scott is not a citizen but a property, and 5th amendment prohibited congress to take property away from the owner, and the Missouri Compromise had always been unconstitutional

·      Republican : would reverse the court decision by overturning the court judges / juries

(Deadlock over Kansas)

·      Buchannan : tried to admit Kansas as a slave state

o   pro-slavery legislature called an election for delegates in a constitutional convention

o   free-state residents refused to go -> pro-slavery force won control of the convention (1857 : Lecompton convention)

§  legalized slavery (did not accept rejection) -> submitted Lecompton constitution to the voters -> rejected it by more than 10,000 votes

·      both side called each other frauds and violence, but majority opposed slavery

·      Buchannan called Congress to admit Kansas as a slave state -> Stephen A. Douglass and other western Democrats refused to support

·      1858 April : Congress’s compromise : Lecompton constitution would be voted again

o   Kansas residents voted it as a free state -> 1861 : Kansas entered the Union as a free state

(The Emergence of Lincoln)

·      1858 : U.S. Senate contest in Illinois  - Stephen A. Douglas (Democrat) vs. Abraham Lincoln (unknown to many)

·      Lincoln-Douglas debates

o   attracted many crowds, made Lincoln well-known

o   slavery issues

§  Lincoln : if blacks don’t get their rights, then immigrants would not be able to get their rights as well / if slavery is extended into new western territories, then poor whites’ opportunities would be lost

·      Lincoln : believed slavery was morally wrong but was not an abolitionist

o   could not see any alternative to slavery

o   shared beliefs with northern whites that the black race was not ready to live on equal terms with whites

o   promised to prevent further spread of slavery but would not directly challenge the one already existing (because it would eventually die out)

·      Douglas won Senate seat + Democrats in the congress legislature

·      Lincoln lost but became well-known…elections went heavily against Democrats out of Illinois

·      Democrats lost many seats in Congress

(John Brown’s Raid)

·      1859 : John Brown (antislavery zealot), with private encouragement + financial aid from some abolitionists, made plans to seize a mountain fortress in Virginia to stimulate a slave rebellion in the South

·      Harper Ferry raid - 1859 Oct. : with 18 followers, took control over Harpers -> John Brown suppressed by local militia + Robert E. Lee U.S. militia -> 10 of Brown’s ppl died -> Brown surrendered -> he and his followers were hanged

·      southerners believed that it was supported by Republicans (though not true)

o   tension increased : South at risk

(The Election of Lincoln)

·      1860 presidential election

·      Democratic party divided : 1) South wanted a pro-slavery candidate / 2) West wanted popular sovereignty supporting candidate => lower South delegates left, remaining delegates couldn’t decide on the candidate

o   in Balitmore, nominated Stephen Douglas for president

o   divided Southern Democrat nominated John C. Breckinridge (Kentucky)

·      Republican trying to gain North supports : Whig measures, high tariff, internal improvements, homestead bill, Pacific railroad with fed. supports, legislature has power to decide state status (but congress or territorial legislatures can’t legalize slavery)

o   nominated Lincoln

§  growing reputation since Douglass debates

§  firm / moderate position on slavery

§  relative obscurity

·      Lincoln won

o   Republicans failed to win a majority in Congress

o   disunion began

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