APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[The Secession Crisis]

after Lincoln was elected, South’s tension began to grow

(The Withdrawal of the South)

·      1860 Dec. 20th : South Carolina seceded from the Union -> by the time Lincoln came into office, 6 other states seceded:

o   Mississippi : 1861 Jan 9

o   Florida : Jan 10

o   Alabama : Jan 11

o   Georgia : Jan 19

o   Louisiana : Jan 26

o   Texas : Feb 1

·      1861 Feb. : seceded states’ delegates met at Montgomery, Alabama

o   founded new nation : the Confederate States of America

o   two months earlier – President Buchanan: “no states can secede from Union…but Federal government had no authority to stop a state if it did.”

·      seceding states: seized the federal property within their boundaries

o   at first did not have sufficient military power

§  Fort Sumter – Charleston, SC <- Buchanan refused to yield it when SC demanded; 1861 Jan, Buchanan ordered unarmed merchant ship to carry more troops and supplies to it -> Confederate fought back with guns ->  yet no one is ready for war

§  Fort Pickens – Pensacola, Florida

(The Failure of Compromise)

·      John J. Crittenden (Kentucky) : Crittenden Compromise

o   reestablishing Missouri Compromise and extend it westward to the Pacific

§  slavery would be prohibited north of the line and allowed in south of the line

o   allowed expansion of slavery <- Republicans disliked it

·      Lincoln inauguration speech: gov. would “hold, occupy, and possess” federal property in the seceded states (referring to Fort Sumter)

·      Fort Sumter running short of supplies -> Lincoln sent a relief expedition to the fort -> announced to SC: gov. would send no troops unless ships were met by resistance -> Confederate gov. ordered General P. G. T. Beauregard (commander of Charleston) to take the fort 0-> Major Robert Anderson (garrisoning Fort Sumter) refused to give up -> Confederates bombarded it for two days -> Anderson surrendered (1861 April 14)

·      4 more seceded:

o   Virginia (April 17)

o   Arkansas (May 6)

o   Tennessee (May 7)

o   North Carolina (May 20)

·      4 other slaves states (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri) remained in the Union due to Washington’s pressure

(The Opposing Sides)

·      by 1862:

North

South

Manufactured almost all war materials

Almost no manufactures at all

Better transportation system

Deteriorated -> almost collapsed

Fighting within the South

(long line of communication)

Fighting a defensive war

(familiar land & local support)

Shaky commitment; divided opinions

·      Firm commitment

·      derp.

·      English and French textile industries relying on cotton -> foreign nations are more inclined to Confederacy

[The Mobilization of the North]

- North = what produced concords, prosperity and economic growth

- Republican enjoyed political supremacy (with South gone)

·      enacted nationalistic program for economic development

(Economic Nationalism)

·      1862: Homestead Act (provides citizen to purchase 160 acres of public land for a small fee after living on it for five years)

·      1862: Morrill Act (transferred substantial public land to the state governments and sold -> to fund education)

o   creation of new state colleges and universities

o   land-grant institution

·      by the end of the war: passed protective tariff bills to raise duties (highest in the history)

·      railroad construction

o   Union Pacific Railroad Company – westward from Omaha / Central Pacific – eastward from California

§  => (1869) Promontory Point, Utah

·      1863-1864 - National Bank Acts

o   newly formed banks can join the system (if they have enough capital and willing to invest 1/3 to government securities)

o   in return, banks can issue U. S. Treasury notes as currency

§  eliminated currency uncertainty

·      funding the war

o   levy taxes, issue paper currency, borrow

o   fed. gov. levied taxes on almost all goods and services -> 1861: income tax

§  -> raised only small number of funds

§  strong popular resistance prevented raising tax rates

·      “greenbacks” (paper currency) were not backed by species -> values fluctuated according to the war winning trend of the gov.

(Raising the Union Armies)

·      Lincoln increased number of armies <- needed more volunteers from states

·      1861 July: authorized enlisting 500,000 volunteers for 3 years

o   at first, enthusiasm -> more ppl volunteered

o   1863 March: gov. was forced to pass a national draft law

§  all young adult males, can escape by hiring someone or paying gov. of $300

(Wartime Leadership and Politics)

·      Lincoln: made rigid, firm decision; not swayed by other politicians

o   assembled a cabinet with every segment of Northern opinion

o   boldly used war powers

o   blithely ignored constitution

·      sent troops w/out Congress’s declaration of War…increased the army without legislative authority…naval blockade of the South

·      Peace Democrats / “Copperheads” (opponents of war)

o   Lincoln ordered military arrests of “civilian dissenters” -> no right of habeas corpus given to them (rights to get fast trial after being arrested)

§  only in bordering states but 1862 expanded it to all

·      1864 election

o   1862 Republican suffered heavy losses -> organized Union Party (= Republican Party + War Democrats)

o   Republican: Lincoln (pres) & Johnson (VP)

o   Democrat (peace party): McClellan (former Union general, denounced war and called for truce)

·      several Northern military victories -> boosted Northern moral & Republican supports

·      -> Lincoln elected

(The Politics of Emancipation)

·      Republicans dispute over slavery issues:

o   Radicals (Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin Wade) – complete emancipation

o   Conservatives – sooth slave states to stay

·      1861: Confiscation Act – all slaves used for “insurrection” (fight for Confederate sides) are considered to be free

·      1862: Washington D.C. abolished slavery

·      1862 July: slaves of people supporting Confederate = free / authorized the president to hire African American as soldiers

·      North slowly accepted “emancipation = goal of war” -> radicals in Republican party grew -> president himself took the leadership

·      1862, Sept. 22 : (after Battle of Antietam) Lincoln announced his intention to use executive power to free all slaves in the Confederacy

o   1863 Jan. 1 : Emancipation Proclamation – forever freeing slaves in the Confederacy

§  did not apply to Union slave states or parts of Confederacy under Union control

·      several slave states abolished slavery -> 1865: 13th amendment – abolished slaver in all parts of U.S.

(African Americans and the Union Cause)

·      186,000 emancipated blacks -> served in Union forces

o   at first, not included in the military

·      black regiments formed in Union-occupied areas of the Confederacy -> Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation -> black enlistment increased -> Union rapidly recruit African-American soldiers and sailors (North & if possible South)

·      Fifty-fourth Massachusetts infantry

o   had white commander (Robert Gould Shaw)

·      most did menial works, suffered from unsanitary conditions

·      Black fighting men captured by the Confederate…in 1864, 260 black Union soldiers were killed

o   1) sent back to their masters

o   2) or executed

(Women, Nursing, and the War)

·      took in men’s jobs

·      United States Sanitary Commission (voluntary, led by Dorothea Dix)

o   mobilized many female nurses to serve in field hospitals -> by the end of the war, women = dominating nursing

o   some opposition from men doctors who believed women should not touch male strangers

·      National Woman’s Loyal League (1863): abolition of slavery and suffrage to women

[The Mobilization of the South]

- 1861 Feb. : 7 seceding states met at Montgomery, Alabama => created a new Southern nation

(Confederate Government)

·      Confederate – almost the same as Constitution but:

o   sovereignty / state rights (but not the right of secession)

o   sanctioned slavery; abolition was not possible

·      President: Jefferson Davis (Mississippi) and Alexander H. Stephens (Georgia)

o   Davis: moderate secessionist, not punctilious and decisive

·      State rights <- many opposed federal army & habeas corpus

·      some experiments:

o   “food draft” – allow soldiers to eat from farms on the path

o   seized railroads and shipping control

o   impressed slaves to work as laborers in military projects

o   imposed industry regulation

o   limited corporate profits

(Money and Manpower)

·      Funding the war: Confederate tried to gather funds from the individual states, but states didn’t really want to tax their citizens

o   1863: income tax (but only 1% of gov. earning)

o   issued bonds -> too much, public lost trust, no credit

o   attempted to borrow $ from Europe using cotton but not very successful

o   1861 - issued large amount of paper currency

·      1862 April - Conscription Act : subjected all white males (18-35) to serve in military for three years

o   (like North) could avoid drafting by finding a substitute or paying fines

o   -> poor whites couldn’t find substitutes (too costly) -> opposition rose -> repealed in 1863

·      conscription worked for a while <- due to enthusiasm

o   1862: 500,000 soldiers + slaves for menial services

§  only few slaves / free blacks enlisted and combatted

·      after 1862: few enlistments -> 1864: shortage

o   tried to raise 300,000 slaves to fight <- but war ended before so

(Economic and Social Effects of the War)

·      War: 1) cut Southern planters <-> manufacturers from Northern market/ 2) Union blockade on sea ports

·      North: increased production; South: declined

·      War was fought on South, so the South received most damages

o   land and constructions destroyed

o   resistance to: conscription, food impressment, taxation

·      War killed many men => females had to find jobs (unmarried, replacing men)

·      placed slave codes strictly

[Strategy and Diplomacy]

- diplomacy

(The Commanders)

·      North: Abraham Lincoln: brief service in state militia, many mistakes -> succeeded by exploiting North material advantage

o   aim: destruction of Confederate armies (not occupation of Southern territory)

·      1861-1864: Lincoln tried to find proper generals (leaders)

o   Winfield Scott -> George B. McClellan -> Henry W. Halleck -> Ulysses S. Grant

·      Committee on the Conduct of the War (est. in Dec. 1861 / led by Senator Benjamin E. Wade (Ohio)) – a joint investigative committee

o   seriously interfered the conduct of war, inaccurate

·      South: President Davis: couldn’t make an effective central command system

o   1862: named Robert E. Lee as military adviser

(The Role of Sea Power)

·      Union = better advantage in navy -> blockaded Southern coast

·      first: blockade kept oceangoing ships out of Confederate ports -> began seizing the Confederate ports: ex) Wilmington, NC, fell to the Union 1865

·      Confederate tried to break the blockade using ironclad warship <-> Union ready to back

·      Union ships: mobilization through small rivers, transportation of supplies

·      South: didn’t have significant navy, weak defend

(Europe and the Disunited States)

·      Judah P. Benjamin – Confederate secretary of state : too dependent on administrative processes

·      William Seward – Union secretary of state : assistance from Charles Francis Adams (minister to London)

·      beginning: England and France sympathized Confederacy

o   Southern cotton

o   eager to weaken U.S.

·      France waited for England to react -> England was reluctant due to popular supports for Union (antislavery sentiments)

·      After Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, England abolitionists supported Union further

·      South: our cotton is important to England and France, so you countries must help us

o   England and France currently have surplus

o   found alternative markets to import cotton

o   500,000 English textile workers lost jobs due to closing mills in support of Union

o   => no one foreign nation willing to offer help

·      U.S. vs Britain tension

o   disappointed by foreign nations’ neutrality

o   Washington: it’s a Civil War not a war between two nations

·      Trent Affair: Confederate’s two diplomats, Jams M. Mason and John Slidell, boarded on English mail ship Trent -> Union (Charles Wilkes) stopped the ship and seized the diplomats and brought them to Boston -> Britain demanded for release of them and a formal apology -> Lincoln didn’t want to risk a war with Britain at the same time fighting Confederate, so released

·      Privateers built in British ship yards damaged Union ships…U.S. damage claim (Alabama Claim) didn’t end until 1877

 

[Campaigns and Battles]

- 4 years of civil war; high casualty

(The Technology of War)

·      1835 - Samuel Colt: repeating pistol (the revolver)

·      1860 – Oliver Winchester: repeating rifle

·      cannons, artillery (iron and steel technology development)

·      more dangerous weapons -> encouraged building trenches and fortifications to protect themselves

·      railroad: more mobilization, transport enough necessary supplies

o   limited the mobility of armies

o   the routes encouraged great battle than smaller engagements with small troops

·      telegraph:

o   limited by scarcity of qualified telegraph operators

o   difficulty of bringing telegraph wires into the fields

o   U.S. Military Corps. (Thomas Scott and Andrew Carnegie)

o   string telegraph wires along the routes of their troops <- fast communication

(The Opening Clashes, 1861)

·      northern Virginia – “First Battle of Bull Run” / “First Battle of Manassas”

o   Union (McDowell) vs. Confederate (P. G. T. Beauregard)

o   Confederate lost -> Union lost morale and president’s confidence in the army

·      1861 Union forces achieved small / significant victories

o   “liberated” antisecession mountain people’s state West Virginia

(The Western Theater, 1862)

·      1862 April: Union (David G. Farragut) seized New Orleans

·      Ulysses S. Grant: seized Fort Donelson (Kentucky) and half of Tennessee

·      Battle of Shiloh - Shiloh, Tennessee : Union (Grant) vs. Confederate (Albert Sidney Johnson and P. G. T. Beauregard)

o   Johnson killed

o   occupied Corinth, Mississippi

·      Chattanooga, Tennessee – Union vs. Confederate (Braxton Bragg)

o   Battle of Murfreesboro / Stone’s River – Confederate withdrew

·      end of 1862 : Union made progress

(The Virginia Front, 1862)

·      George B. McClellan (army of Potomac) concentrated his army near Washington -> capture the Confederate capital at Richmond -> chose a complicated route to avoid Confederate -> left General Irvin McClellan -> B. McClellan asked Lincoln for more troops -> Thomas J. (“Stonewell”) Jackson of Confederate attacked Shenandoah Valley as Union was crossing the Potomac -> 1862 May 4 – June 9 : Jackson defeated two separate Union forces -> ran away

·      McClellan vs. Confederate (Joseph E. Johnston) -> Johnston injured, replaced by Robert E. Lee -> Lee recalled Stonewell Jackson from the Shenandoah Valley -> combined force attacked Union -> Battle of Seven Days (Jun 25 – July 1) -> McClellan set up a base -> McClellan: 25 mi away from Richmond & good position to fight -> Lincoln ordered the army to move back to northern Virginia and combine with John Pope’s troops -> Pope attacked Confederate’s army : “Second Battle of Bull Run” / Manassas (Aug. 29-30) -> Lincoln removed Pope from command and put McClellan back

·      Lee attacked Union -> McClellan defended -> McClellan got a copy of Lee’s orders, revealed the Confederate plan under Stonewell Jackson -> McClellan, instead of attacking quickly, gave Lee time to pull back his forces in Antietam Creek -> Jackson arrived from Harpers Ferry to help

o   Antietam = Union victory but McClellan’s inadequate command

o   Lincoln removed McClellan from command

(1863: Year of Decision)

·      beginning of 1863: General Joseph Hooker commanding in Potomac -> crossed the river above Fredericksburg toward Lee’s army -> last minute, Hooker drew back to a defensive position -> Lee divided his forces to attack Union army -> Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-5) Stonewell Jackson attacked Union right & Lee from front -> Hooker couldn’t barely escape -> Lee couldn’t crush the army completely (Jackson wounded)

·      Union winning at West -> spring 1863, Ulysses S. Grant driving at Vicksburg on the Mississippi River -> Grant moved men and supplies to south of the city (good terrain) -> attacked Vicksburg -> Vicksburg surrendered -> other Confederate surrendered -> Lee proposed an invasion of Penn. -> 1863 June, Lee moved up to Maryland then Penn. -> Union (Hooker -> George C. Meade) vs. Confederate (Lee) -> Lee lost his army greatly -> Lee withdrew from Gettysburg (turning point)

·      Union (William Rosecrans) pursued Bragg’s retreating Confederate force (unwise) -> Battle of Chattanooga (Nov. 23-25), Union drove Confederate back to Georgia

o   control of the Tennessee River

(The Last Stage, 1864-1865)

·      beginning of 1864 – Ulysses S. Grant = general in chief of Union armies -> believed in materials -> planned in 1864 for two great offensive -> Army of the Potomac advanced to Richmond -> forced Lee into battle

·      Georgia, under William T. Sherman advanced east toward Atlanta and destroyed remaining confederate force (Joseph E. Johnston)

·      Lee – Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-7, 1864) -> Grant marched to Richmond and met Lee -> Battle of Spotsylvania -> Lee kept his army between Grant and the Confederate capital -> encounter once more in northeast of Richmond, Cold Harbor

·      Grant moved to east of Richmond, headed south toward the railroad center at Petersburg (can cut off the capital’s communications with rest of the Confederacy) -> Lee came to defend -> battle prolonged

·      Georgia: Sherman advanced easily -> Johnston tried to delay Sherman

o   fought only one real battle – Kennesaw Mountain

o   - >Johnston (Davis prompted to replace him with John B. Hood) lost Atlanta to Sherman

·      Hood tried to kick Sherman out of Atlanta but unsuccessful -> Sherman sent Union troops to reinforce Nashville -> Northern forces destroyed South’s remaining army

·      Sherman left Atlanta, “March to the Sea” : deprive South of war materials and railroad communication, break the will of people by burning towns and plantations along the route

o   reached Savannah (Dec. 20)

·      Grant’s army in Potomac captured a vital railroad junction southwest of the town -> Lee informed Confederate he can no longer defend Richmond -> Jefferson Davis, his cabinet, and as much of the white population fled through transportation

o   mobs, setting fire

o   next day Northern forces entered Richmond (capital)

·      Abraham Lincoln entered Confederate capital

o   black people cheered for him

·      Lee began moving west to find a way around Union forces to join with Johnston in NC -> Union pursued after him

·      Lee appointed Grant to meet in a private home -> April 9 surrendered -> 9 days later Durham, NC, Johnston surrendered to Sherman

·      Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia

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