APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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- South -> dramatic growth in mid-1800s

·      staples: sugar, rice, tobacco, cotton

·      European trading partners

- plantation: dependent on slave labor -> strengthened (1860)

[The Cotton Economy]

- economic power shift :: “upper South” : along Atlantic Coast à “lower South” : new states in Southwest

(The Rise of King Cotton)

·      tobacco

o   unstable market

o   dry up the land quickly -> moved westward (Piedmont area)

o   limited to only small lands

·      by 1830s: Virginia, Maryland, NC shifting to other crops

·      Coastal South: SC, Georgia, parts of Florida – cultivated rice (more stable & profitable)

o   demanded irrigation, long growing season (9 months) <- restricted to limited area

·      Gulf Coast: sugar

o   intensive labor, long growing time <- only wealthy planters

o   competition from Caribbean Islands

o   -> did not spread beyond Southern Louisiana & eastern Texas

·      long staple cotton (Sea Island) – only limited area (coastal region of Southeast)

·      Solution: short staple cotton

o   adapt to various types of soils

o   harder to process (seed extraction) <- invention of cotton gin

·      demand for cotton grew ß as the à British textile industries grew (1820s – 1830s) / NE (1840s – 1850s)

o   (west) SC and Georgia -> Alabama and Mississippi -> (north) Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas

o   1850s: cotton = the core of Southern economy

§  2/3 of total exports = cotton

·      cotton production prominent in :: “lower South” -> “Deep South” (later era)

o   wealthy plantation owners (from older states)

o   small slaveholders / slaveless farmers (who hoped to move to planter class)

·      1840 – 1860: slaves moved from upper South to cotton states

o   1) masters moving into Southwest

o   2) sold to plantation owners

·      “second middle passage” – slave family broken up, harsh environment

o   Southwest <- new economic boom center

o   upper South <- agricultural production declining

(Southern Trade and Industry)

·      upper South: flour milling / textile / iron manufacturing

o   1860: total value of southern textile manufactures = $4.5 million

§  only about 2% of value of the cotton exported that year

·      limited nonfarm commercial sector (developed in South) : to serve the needs of the plantation economy

o   brokers (factors) -> marketed the planters’ crops and provided them with credit in absence of the banks

·      inadequate transportation system

o   no canals

o   crude roads <- not suitable for heavy transports

o   railroads (though extended in the 1840s – 1850s), failed to tie the regions together

o   only means to transport: water <- most manufactures in / near port towns

·      South: dependent on the manufacturers, merchants, and professionals of the North

o   some Southerners began to advocate for economic independency

§  James D. B. De Bow (New Orleans) -> magazine <De Bow’s Commercial Review>

ú  far more smaller than northern magazine <Harper’s Weekly>

ú  full of northern ads.

(Sources of Southern Difference)

·      Why South didn’t develop its commercial / industrial economy itself?

o   1) agriculture boom <- capitalists had little incentives to make investment

o   2) wealthy Southerners had invested too much in lands & slaves -> no more $ to invest further

o   3) climate: hot, humid, steamy summers <– didn't’ attract many industrialization

o   4) southerners more concerned with manner than growth and development

·      South = limited, not well-connected

[Southern White Society]

- small minority of southern whites owned slaves

- 1860: ¼ of the whole population

(The Planter Class)

·      planter aristocracy – power & influence

o   South: mostly wealthy collected from first-generation settlers, as late as the 1850s

·      planters = as competitive as capitalists and industrialists in the North

o   moved for more productive areas

·      manners:

o   chivalry – obligated white men to defend their “honor” through dueling

o   avoided “coarse” occupation as trade and commerce

§  -> those who didn’t become planters went to military

(The “Southern Lady”)

·      centered at home; hostesses for husbands and nurturing mothers for children

·      “genteel” southern white women = not in politics or income-earning

·      Southern women -> more subjected to their husbands

o   George Fitzhugh (social theorist - 1850s): women must be protected

o   not customary for working

o   some female “academies” – training women to be suitable wives

·      Northern women (middle class) => engaged in work

o   spinning, weaving, and other productions

o   supervising the slaves

·      Southern women burden: high birth rate (20% higher than other parts of the nation) <-> high infant mortality rate

o   Southern planation owners often had relationships with female slaves -> their children reminded the wives of their husbands’ infidelity

(The Plain Folk)

·      typical white southerner: “yeoman farmer” = “plain folk”

o   owned few slaves -> worked and lived together and more closely

o   owned lands -> subsistence farming / cotton and other crops for the market

o   couldn’t operate enough to pay off the debts

·      South: failing primary education systems (but a lot of high-level educations for upper class)

·      some nonslaveowning whites opposed planter elite

o   “hill people” (Appalachian ranges east of the Mississippi, Ozarks to the west of the river, in “hill country” or “backcountry” areas)

§  simple subsistence farming, no slaves, unconnected to cotton economy

§  animosity toward the planter aristocracy

§  during the Civil War: refused to support the Confederacy

·      some nonslaveowning whites accepted the planter elite system

o   living in the middle of the planation system

o   accepted the system due to their relation/connection to it

o   1850s: cotton boom allowed many small farmers to earn more $

§  some bought more lands & slaves

·      some white southerners who didn’t have a part in planation economy but accepted it-> “crackers” / “sand hillers” / “poor white trash”

o   occupied infertile lands of the pine barrens / red hills / swamps

o   owned no land

o   lived by hunting and foraging

o   worked as a common worker for the neighbors

o   no food -> ate clay (so called “clay eaters”) -> suffered from malaria, hookworm, pellagra

o   <- were held with contempt by planters and small farmers

·      overall: no opposition to the planation system or slavery

o   too poor to protest

o   unifying factor of the South

[Slavery: The “Peculiar Institution”]

- America, South: only region in western world (except Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico) with slavery

- African Americans began developing their own distinct society and culture

·      slavery => created unique bond between blacks and whites (slaves & masters)

·      each influenced each other

(Varieties of Slavery)

·      African Americans: had no basic rights

o   no basic laws given to slaves

·      codes: 1) prohibited whites to educate blacks / 2) anyone with African ancestry = black (even if it was a rumor)

o   uneven and spotty: some enjoyed autonomy but some were in prisonlike condition

·      types of slave-master relationship: 1) master and few slaves worked more alongside / 2) slaves worked in large planation without close relationship with the master

o   slaves preferred to work in larger planation for social world of their own

§  substantial planters often hired overseers

§  “head drivers” : trusted and responsible slaves assisted by several subdrivers, acted as a overseer

(Life under Slavery)

·      diet: cornmeal, salt pork, molasses, (rare occasion) fresh meat or poultry

o   cultivated small gardens

·      masters provided them with cheap clothing and shoes

·      slaves lived in rough cabins (slave quarters)

·      plantation mistress / doctor – provided medical care

o   but slave women “healers,” midwives, or mothers played more important roles

·      harvest time = longest workdays

o   women worked the hardest: field works, cooking, cleaning, child rearing

·      many slave families were divided -> male worked away from farm or sold off to far way plantation -> women as single mothers

o   children did not survive; died young

·      household servants: easier life (physically)

o   in smaller farm, slaves worked in both field and household

o   in larger farm, separated in field and domestic

§  nursemaids, housemaids, cooks, butlers, coachmen

§  lived close to the master and the family

§  ate leftovers from family table

§  strict discipline and lack of privacy => made slaves resent their master

·      female household slaves: often sexually abused by white masters, received vindictive treatment from white women

(Slavery in the Cities)

·      urban slavery vs. rural slavery

·      isolated plantations <- slaves had little contact with free blacks and lower-class whites

o   in larger plantation, masters could not supervise slaves closely

·      slaves were often hired out -> slavery and freedom more distinctive

o   contract working in mining and lumbering <- far away from cities

o   worked on the docks and on construction sites, driving wagons, performed other unskilled jobs in cities and towns

o   women and children: region’s few textile mills

o   blacksmiths and carpenters

(Free Blacks)

·      250,000 free blacks in slaveholding states by the Civil War

o   slaves who had earned money to buy themselves freedom

o   most urban blacks

§  Elizabeth Keckley (saved money from sewing)

§  -> became a personal servant of Mary Todd Lincoln in White House

o   most masters had little incentives to free their slaves

·      some slaves freed out of masters’ moral qualms

o   John Randolph of Roanoke: freed 400 slaves in 1833

·      1830s: state laws became strict, in fear of Nat Turner’s revolt

o   made it difficult/impossible to free (manumit) slaves

·      some blacks became wealthy and bought their relatives as “slaves”

·      New Orleans, Natchez, Charleston = free black communities

·      Most southern free blacks lived in poverty

(Slave Resistance)

·      slave owners: slaves are happy and content under slavery

o   but most slaves yearned for freedom -> few chose to remain and fight along with their white masters during the Civil War

·      slave reactions:

o   1) served under the expectation of whites – “Sambo patterns”

o   2) rebelled against whites

·      slave rebellions

o   1800 – Gabriel Prosser gathered 1,000 rebellious slaves outside Richmond, and two Africans gave the plot away -> Virginia militia crushed the uprising before it began -> 35 (including Prosser) executed

o   1822 – Denmark Vesey and his followers in Charleston (rumored to be 9,000) made preparation for revolt but was discovered -> suppression

o   1831 – Nat Turner (slave preacher) with armed African Americans and killed 60 white men, women, and children in Southampton County, Virginia -> crushed by state and federal army -> 100 blacks executed

·      slaves running away

o   small number escaped to the North or to Canada

o   sympathetic whites and free blacks

§  secret escape routes – “underground railroad”

o   “slave patrols” – white stopped a wandering black and demanded for travel permits

o   hazards for escape, very risky

·      slaves refused to work hard, stole from their masters and neighboring whites

o   sabotage: losing or breaking tools

o   performing tasks improperly

o   extreme cases (rare): cutting their fingers / committing suicide

·      for most parts: resisted by subtle methods of rebellion

[The Cultural of Slavery]

- developed their own, separate culture -> sustained a sense of racial pride and unity

(Slave Religion)

·      early 1800s: most slaves = Christians

o   converted voluntarily

o   forced to (Protestant missionaries evangelized among them)

o   masters expected slaves to join their worship under the supervision of white ministers

o   autonomous black churches = banned by laws

·      South: blacks developed their own version of religion (Christianity)

o   polytheistic religious traditions of Africa (practice of voodoos)

o   bent religion to the special circumstances of bondage

·      more emotional, reflected the influence of African customs and practices

o   prayer meetings <- fervent chanting, exclamations, ecstatic conversation experiences

o   more joyful and affirming

o   emphasized the dream of freedom and deliverance

§  whites interpreted it as afterlife but for slaves, it mean true freedom

(Language and Music)

·      developed a type of common language with African elements mixed with English -> “pidgin”

·      Music – slaves made instruments out of what’s available (relied heavily on rhythm)

o   banjo

·      voice and songs

o   sang during planation works to pass time; contained relatively not offensive material (since whites were also in the field)

o   sang for hope for freedom, lamented their bondage

·      slave songs = rarely written down, often seemed entirely spontaneous

o   improvised

o   sometimes accompanied by dance

·      storytelling

(The Slave Family)

·      “nuclear family” <- kinship model among African Americans

·      black women usually bore children early (14-15), couples living together before married

o   wedding ceremony after a child (formal vows)

o   husbands and wives in neighboring plantations visited each other, usually secretly at night

o   strong family ties like their masters

·      1/3 families broken up by slave trade

o   flight made to reunite with families

·      paternalism – slaves depended on their masters for almost everything

mutual dependences
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