APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[The States United]

- 1775: Lexington and Concord

(Defining American War Aims)

·      Second Continental Congress (Philadelphia): three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord

o   liberal: John Adams & Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia

o   moderates: John Dickinson of Pennsylvania

·      fight due to grievances within the British empire -> 1) high cost of war 2) British began recruiting Indians, African slaves, and German mercenaries (Hessians) -> Independence

·      Thomas Paine <Common Sense> Jan. 1776: Americans must break away from Britain which holds a political system that “inflict such brutality”

(Declaration of Independence)

·      Continental Congress - 1776 June 4th: Declaration of Independence

o   Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams

o   Jefferson: “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”

o   lists crimes of the king -> …therefore colonists ~

·      1781: most states produced written constitutions for themselves

·      1777: Congress adopted a plan for union

o   Articles of Confederation: weak, decentralized system

(Mobilizing for War)

·      financial problems

o   Congress had to authority to levy taxes -> each state only contributed a small amount

o   could not borrow from the public <- only few can afford bonds

o   printed paper currency -> inflation; -> switched to borrowing money from other nations

·      army problems

o   (first surge of Patriotism: 1775) few volunteer soldiers

o   Continental Army (George Washington)

o   aided by foreign military experts (Marquis de Lafayette – France / Baron von Steuben – Prussia)

[The War for Independence]

British adv.

Americans adv.

- great navy & best-equipped army

- fighting on their own ground

- large resources

- more determined

(The First Phase: New England)

·      1775-1776: did not take the war seriously; thought as Britain trying to crush the rebellion

·      1775: Battle of Bunker Hill

·      1776 March: British (redcoats) evacuated Boston

·      1776 Feb: southern Patriots crushed uprising of Loyalists; Americans began an invasion of Canada

o   unsuccessful (Montgomery killed, Arnold wounded)

·      1776 spring

o   American campaigns in Canada, agitation in South, colonial unity -> Independence

(The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region)

·      1776 – 1778: Britain good position to win

o   1776: more supplies and 32,000 British soldiers to New York (Commander: William Howe)

o   Washington: 19,000 men

o   Britain’s path: Manhattan -> New Jersey -> Delaware River -> Pennsylvania

·      1776 Christmas Eve: Washington’s surprise attack at Trenton and Princeton

·      1777: Britain’s strategy – divide United States in two

o   to meet up helping force from Canada (Burgoyne)

o   later switched to capture Philadelphia <- hope to end quickly by capturing the colonial capital

§  Continental Congress moved to York, Pennsylvania

·      Burgoyne (alone) -> shot of supplies

o   surrendered on 1777 Oct.

·      Iroquois Confederacy: officially declared neutrality -> some engaged with British -> “things falls apart”

(Securing Aid from Abroad)

·      America sought to cooperate with France

o   Benjamin Franklin went to Paris to lobby

·      France (minister: Count de Vergennes) wanted to see the proof of America winning -> British defeat at Saratoga

·      1777 Dec. – Lord North’s new peace offer: quite the war in exchange of complete home rule

·      1778 Feb. – Vergennes’s formal recognition to U.S. & military assistance

·      France, Spain, the Netherlands, U.S. vs. Britain

(The Final Phase: The South)

·      British tried to enlist loyalists and slaves

·      1778 – 1781: British moved South for Loyalist sentiment

o   failed because Patriots blended in

·      1778: Henry Clinton discharged Howe, moved his army to New York

·      George Rogers Clark: captured Illinois country from British and Indian allies

·      1780: treason of General Arnold <- scheme was exposed before, fled to British

·      British’s successes at Georgia (1778 Dec.) and South Carolina (1780 May)

o   though won continental battles, harassed by guerrillas

§  “Swamp Fox” – Thomas Sumter, Andre Pickens, Francis Marion

·      1780 Aug.: Lord Cornwallis crushed Patriots army (led by Horatio Gates)

o   Washington replaced Gates with Greene

·      1780 Oct.: Patriots’ massive attack on NY and S. Carolina Tories

·      1781 Jan.: Greene vs. Cornwallis in N. Carolina

o   Cornwallis lost too many men -> retreated from Carolina, defensive position in Yorktown

·      1781 Oct. 17: Cornwallis surrendered with 7,000 men

(Winning the Peace)

·      Lord North resigned PM -> Lord Shelburne succeeded

·      America, afraid of breakage of alliance (for Spain did not gain the land from Britain), signed the preliminary treaty with Great Britain without the notice to France 1782

·      1783: final treaty, favorable to U.S.

o   recognition of independence

o   (ambiguous) boundary – southern boundary of Canada to the northern boundary of Florida and from Atlantic to the Mississippi

[War and Society]

- along with French revolution, intrigued the revolts of many other regions

(Loyalists and Minorities)

·      Loyalists (1/5 ~ 1/3 of the White population) were being disdained or even attacked -> such were officeholders, merchants, people lived in isolation -> 100,000 fled the country

o   moved to England

o   to Canada (English-speaking community) in Quebec

o   some returned after things were settled

·      Anglican Church -> lost its power, unable to afford clergy

·      Quakers -> unflavored due to unpopular “Pacifism”

·      Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist churches rose

o   Vatican sent bishop to 1789 (recognizing U.S. as a nation)

(The War and Slavery)

·      British helped slaves to escape (to distract people from War)

·      Slaves soon learnt to read -> exposed to revolutionary ideas

o   Thomas Jeremiah (S. Carolina – free slave) executed for plotting a slave uprising

North – antislavery

South – pro-slavery

Christian fervor

slaves = inferior and unfit for citizenship

slave trade prohibited (illegal)

slavery = best way to ensure liberty for whites

legal manumission

disfavor for white servants

abolished slavery (gradual)

white superiority

(Native Americans and the Revolution)

- as more lands were required, Indian’s position degraded

·      1) neutral; 2) stick to British (who limits the land expansion of the colonies); 3) attack on their own

·      1776: Cherokee attacked whites in western Carolinas and Virginia

o   Patriots fought back -> Cherokee forced to flee west of Tennessee River

o   those who remained signed a new treaty to grant Patriots more land

·      Thomas Jefferson: Indians as “noble savages”

(Women’s Rights and Women’s Roles)

·      Women replaced men in workforce (field, shops, etc.)

·      launched attacks on occupying British troops

·      “camp followers” – helped cooking, laundering, nursing in army

·      questioning their social status: Abigail Adams (protections against tyrannical husbands), Judith Sargent (girls should have education)

·      after the revolution

o   women’s rights to divorce

o   own husband’s property (for widows)

(The War Economy)

·      end the trading relationship with Britain -> enforcement of trading relationship with Caribbean and South America, mid-1780, Asia

·      focus on domestic economy -> increased trades among the states

[The Creation of State Government]

- attempt to create a new government system

(The Assumptions of Republicanism)

- the political ideology experiment

·      favored Republic

·      equality: “All men are created equal.”

o   women, slaves and native Americans excluded (birth determined the future success)

(The Frist State Constitutions)

·      Connecticut and Rhode Island: constitutions adopted from king’s charters

·      Other states: created their own documents

o   most eliminated the governor or any executive officer to hold a seat in the legislature

(Revising State Governments)

·      late 1770s: instability of state governments <- too much democracy?

o   -> moved to limit popular power

·      1780: Massachusetts the first state with rectified constitution

o   instead of legislature writing the constitution, a special assembly (only for this purpose)

o   strong governor with regular salary paid

·      -> by 1780s, most states revised constitutions

(Toleration and Slavery)

·      many believed church-associated government but rejected for its domination

·      1786, Virginia – Thomas Jefferson (Statute of Religious Liberty): complete separation of church and state

·      some states abolished slavery or halted slave trades; survived in southern and border states

o   white superiority

o   economic investment in slaves

o   did not believe Blacks and Whites are equal

[The Search for a National Government]

- many believed: weak central government, each state as a sovereign nation -> Articles of Confederations

(The Confederation)

·      1781 – 1789: lacked adequate powers

·      national government – what it got

It can do…

conduct war

regulate trade

foreign relations

It cannot do…

appropriate, borrow, issue $

·      before it applies its decision, the National Government had to make a formal request to the states, which was often refused

·      at least 9/13 states have to vote to make a decision; all have to agree to make amendments

·      small states: equal representation VS. big states: based on population

(Diplomatic Failures)

·      Treaty of 1783: British promise to evacuate American territory -> Britain continued occupying posts along the Great Lakes

·      Britain rejected America to enter its market

·      1784: John Adams sent to England -> wasn’t effective

·      British gov. refused to send a diplomatic minister to American capital

·      1786: Confederation diplomats agreed to a treaty with Spain

o   Spain accepted Florida boundary set by Americans

o   America accepted Spain’s claim on North America, limited the rights of U.S. vessels to navigate Mississippi for 20 yr

§  South blocked the ratification

(The Confederation and the Northwest)

·      1784: control over western lands

·      The ordinance of 1784 (proposed by Thomas Jefferson) – divided the western territory into ten self-governing districts; districts could petition Congress to statehood after population growth

o   created system to survey and sell the lands -> notion of “public land”

o   eliminated the land disputes

o   encouraged dispersed form of settlements

·      could not sell the land to anyone but Ohio and Scioto Companies -> criticism rose

o   1787 Northwest Ordinance: single Northwest Territory and divided into three and five territories

§  prohibited slavery

§  guaranteed freedom of religion

§  minimum statehood

§  rights to trials by jury

·      western lands south of Ohio River (Kentucky and Tennessee)

o   slave owning territories

o   claimed for statehood <- problem never solved

(Indians and the Western Lands)

- constant land disputes

·      1784, 1785, 1786: persuading Iroquois, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee leaders to sign treaties to cede lands

o   ineffective – 1) never accepted the treaty; 2) repudiated the treaty

·      Miami (led by Little Turtle) won major battles; wanted whites to stop coming in west of Ohio River -> defeated the Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794

·      1795: Treaty of Greenville (signed by Miami): give up land to U.S. but keep some legally for themselves

o   recognized the sovereignty of Indian nations

(Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays)

·      1784-1787: postwar depression

·      Confederation itself had large sum of debts -> no power to tax, received only 1/6 of the money it asked for

o   war bonds that are due to pay

o   owed money to soldiers

o   debts abroad

·      Robert Morris – head of the Confederation’s treasury

·      Alexander Hamilton – Morris’ young protégé

·      James Madison of Virginia

·      “continental impost” – 5% duty on imported goods levied by Congress (to pay off the debts)

o   feared this gave power to Morris crew

§  failed to approve it in 1781 & 1783

·      farmers demanded for paper currency (cash) immediately

·      1780s: mobs (led by Daniel Shays; war veteran)

o   demanded paper money, tax relief, moratorium on debts, abolition of prisoners for debts

o   1786: Shaysites prevented the collection of debts, use force to keep courts closed from selling confiscated property

o   winter: rebels advanced on Springfield to seize weapons

o   1787 Jan.: state militiamen from Boston attacked Shaysites

o   Massachusetts offered tax relief and postponement of debt payments

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