APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[The Romantic Impulse]

- American literature and arts were regarded inferior than any Europeans’

- romanticism <- derived from Europe

- Central Theme : liberation of the human spirit

·      literature, philosophy, politics and economics

(Nationalism and Romanticism in American Painting)

·      naturalism – yearning for “wild nature”

o   Hudson River School – artist school in NY

o   portray of Hudson Valley

·      later move to Yosemite Valley, Yellowstone, the Rocky Mountains

(An American Literature)

·      1820s : James Fenimore Cooper – evocation of the American West, ideal of independent individual with a natural inner goodness

o   The Last of the Mohicans (1826)

o   The Deerslayer (1841)

·      Walt Whitman – democracy, the liberation of the individual spirit, and the pleasures of the flesh / yearning for emotional and physical release and personal fulfillment

o   poetry, Leaves of Grass (1855)

·      Herman Melville – tragedy of pride and revenge, courage and of the strength of human will

o   Moby Dick (1851)

(Literature in the Antebellum South)

·      Edgar Allen Poe – individual rising above the narrow confines of intellect and exploring the deeper world of the spirit and the emotions

o   The Raven (1845)

·      Beverly Tucker, William Alexander Caruthers, John Pendleton Kennedy – Romance and eulogies for the plantation system of the upper South

·      William Gilmore Simms – nationalism, but esoteric to South

·      Augustus B. Longstreet, Joseph G. Baldwin, Johnson J. Hooper – realists -> established Southern humors/ world of backwoods south and focused on ordinary people, poor whites

(The Transcendentalists)

·      transcendentalist – NE writers and philosophers

o   influenced by German and English writers and philosophers

·      individualism : reasons & understanding <-> innate capacity (expression of emotion) vs. society’s requirement ß goal : liberate from “understanding”

·      Concord, Massachusetts

·      led by : Ralph Waldo Emerson

o   Nature (1836) : self-fulfillment must be obtained through communion with the natural world

·      influential : Henry David Thoreau

o   Walden (1854) every individual should work for self-realization by resisting pressures of society

o   Resistance to Civil Government (1849) : when government’s requirement violated an individual’s morality, then the government had no legitimate authority -> “civil disobedience” or “passive resistance” – public refusal to obey unjust laws

(The Defense of Nature)

·      fear of Capitalist enthusiasm upon nature

·      to transcendentalists : nature = source of deep, personal human inspiration

·      essential unity between humanity and nature (spiritual unity)

(Visions of Utopia)

·      Brook Farm (1841), West Roxbury, Massachusetts, by George Ripley : individuals would together create a new society for self-realization

o   share equal labor and leisure

o   dissolved in 1847

·      Nathaniel Hawthorne – searching for Brook Farm

o   The Blithedale Romance (1852), Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of Seven Gables (1851)

o   tragedy of individuals cutting themselves under the rule of society

o   egotism : the “serpent” of the heart of human misery

·      New Harmony (1825), Indiana, by Robert Owen: “Village of Cooperation”

o   every resident worked and lived in total equality

o   economic failure

(Redefining Gender Role)

·      Oneida Community (1848), upstate NY, by John Humphrey Noyes : “perfectionists” <- rejected traditional notions of family and marriage

o   liberation of women from males’ demand

·      Shakers (1770s), by Mother Ann Lee -> grew in Northeast and Northwest in the 1840s

o   commitment to complete celibacy

o   endorsed gender equality

(The Mormons)

·      Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, began in NY, by Joseph Smith

·      1831 : began searching for new community of “saints” (called themselves “Latter-day Saints”

·      introduced polygamy

·      Missouri -> Ohio -> Illinois (Nauvoo Town), 1840s

o   generally economically successful

o   Smith ordered his followers to attack offending press -> Smith jailed -> was shot to death -> successor : Bringham Young

·      Young travelled across Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains

o   settled in Utah (including present day Salt Lake City)

·      Reflection of human perfectibility, haven for demoralized people by the disorder and uncertainty of the outside world (economic marginal people)

[Remaking Society]

- new movements to remake mainstream society

(Revivalism, Morality, and Order)

·      Second Great Awakening (1820s ~ )

·      New Light – every individual was capable of salvation through is or her own efforts

·      revivalism : crusade against personal immorality, in large scale

o   drunkenness <- excess use of alcohol = crime, disorder, and poverty

o   women : no money, and drunken husbands often abused them

·      Temperance – many nativists believed that it was the cause of immigrants

o    1840 : a major national movement

(Health, Science, and Phrenology)

·      cholera epidemics of 1830s and 1840s -> high death rate

·      “water cure” (hydrotherapy)

·      Sylvester Graham (Connecticut) : promoted eating vegetable, fruits, and bread made out of coarse grains

·      phrenology (first from Germany) 1830s

o   Orson and Lorenzo Fowler – Phrenology Almanac

o   shape of individual’s skull = character and intelligence

(Medical Science)

·      1830s and 1840s : many opposed licensing of physicians (thought as a form of undemocratic monopoly) <- prestige of the profession remained low

·      lacked knowledge on disease

·      Edward Jenner – vaccination against smallpox (adapted from folk practices)

·      William Morton – anesthetics (using sulphuric ether)

o   John Warren – used sulphuric ether to sedate surgical patients

·      most traditional surgeons and others mistrusted innovations and experimentation

·      Oliver Wendell Holmes (1843) – discovery of infection

(Education)

·      for universal public education

o   1830 : no such a system -> interest began growing rapidly

·      Horace Mann (first secretary of the MA Board of Education) : education is essential for preserving democracy (since educated can be voted as electorates)

o   established MA school system

o   lengthened academic year to six months

o   doubled teachers’ salaries

o   broadened the curriculum

·      other states followed

o   creating teachers’ colleges

o   principle of tax-supported elementary schools

·      education system and quality varied from states to states

o   East : no education access (due to dispersed population)

o   South : all Africans barred from education, and 1/3 whites enrolled

o   North : 72% enrolled

·      moral education, discipline, respect for authority / extending democracy and expanding individual opportunity, creating social order

·      missionaries tried to educate the Indians, encouraged assimilation

o   many remained outside of reformers’ reach

·      Result : highest literacy rates of any nation of the world

(Rehabilitation)

·      network of charitable activities – “Benevolent Empire”

o   Perkins School for the Blind (Boston)

·      Dorothea Dix (MA) : prison reforms

o   to reform and rehabilitate criminals

·      Native Americans “reservation”

o   relocation to move Native Americans out of the way

o   for assimilation

o   “the great work of regenerating the Indian race”

(The Rise of Feminism)

·      Sarah and Angelina Grimke : participated in abolitionist movements

·      Catharine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stow, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Dorothea Dix : did something the society didn’t “permit” women to do

·      1840 : female delegates were rejected in participation in London World Antislavery Convention

·      1848 : Seneca Falls (NY) – convention for women’s rights

o   suffrage gained in 1920

·      Quakers : gender equality and tolerance for female preachers and community leaders

·      issues of women’s rights were second to abolitionism

[The Crusade Against Slavery]

- 1830 : began to gather its force

(Early Opposition to Slavery)

·      calm and genteel, expressing moral disapproval

·      1817 : a group of prominent white Virginians – American Colonization Society (ACS)

o   gradual freeing slaves -> slaves sent to Liberia (1830 -> 1846, became an independent state)

·      failure : expensive price, too gradual, and African Americans had no intention to migrate

(Garrison and Abolitionism)

·      1831 : William Lloyd Garrison (MA), founded Liberator

o   principle : abolitionists must focus on slavery’s damages to blacks but not evil influence of it to whites

o   reject “gradualism”

·      NE Antislavery Society (1832) -> 1833, Convention in Philadelphia

(Black Abolitionists)

·      although agreed with white -> separated from whites

·      David Walker (free black) moved from NC to Boston, published a pamphlet “An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World”

o   harsh content : slavery = eternal sin / slaves should “kill or be killed”

·      Sojourner Truth (free black) : spokeswoman of antislavery in 1830s

·      Fredrick Douglass (runaway slave -> later bought his freedom from Maryland master)

o   great orator

o   founded antislavery newspaper North Star (Rochester, NY)

o   Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845)

o   demanded not only freedom but full social and economic equality

(Anti-Abolitionism)

·      White Southerners + some Northerners

o   some feared the abolitionism would lead to a destructive civil war

o   some feared free Blacks would take up their jobs

·      1834 : a mob in Philadelphia attacked abolitionist headquarters

·      1835 : seized Garrison and threatened to hang him; Garrison saved by being locked in jail

·      Elijah Lovejoy killed when trying to defend his press from attack

·      -> strong-willed, passionate crusaders

(Abolitionism Divided)

·      mid-1830s : violence of the anti-abolitionists

·      radicalism provoked by Garrison

o   attacked constitution as “an agreement with hell”)

o   divided from American Antislavery Society on the issues of women’s participations

o   1843 : a call of disunion from South

·      Amistad (1839-1841) : Africans destined to be slaves in Cuba revolted and seized the ship -> tried to go back to Africa -> U.S. navy seized the ships as pirates -> court declared Africans free (because slave trade by then was illegal)

·      Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) : states need not aid in enforcing the 1793 fugitive act

·      Washington D.C. – free state and banned interstate slave trade

·      Liberty Party (1840) – James G. Birney

o   free soil : keeping slavery out of the territories

o   welfare of blacks / some just wanted West for whites

·      John Brown – Kansas and Virginia

·      Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852)

o   inspired abolitionism to those who didn’t care

o   sectionalism

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