APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[America Before Columbus]

·      14,000 – 16,000 years ago; hunter-gatherers

·      8,000 B.C. : migration of nomadic herds

·      end of 1400s: European entry

(The civilization of the South)

- primarily based on agriculture

- striking religious and ceremonial structures

·      Peru – the Incas (6 mil.)

·      Central America & Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico – the Mayas

(The civilization of the North)

North: difficult field for agriculture -> hunting

East: farming

West: hunting & gathering (nuts, grains, etc.)

- less elaborate; hunting, gathering, fishing

·      Arctic Circle – the Eskimos (fish & hunt seals)

·      Northern Forests - nomadic lives, hunting moose and caribous

·      Pacific Northwest – settled along the coast, salmon fishing

·      Far West – fishing, hunting, gathering

- agricultural

mobile, after farming switch to other lands

east of Mississippi river: Algonquian, Iroquiois, Muskogean, etc, same linguistic root

totemism

women playing minor role, but sometimes control social and economic organization

·      Southwest – arid land, irrigation system

·      Great Plains region – sedentary farming (corns, grains), permanent settlement

·      Eastern – great food source, various food sources

[Europe Looks Westward]

before 15th century: not interested, weak, decentralized

after 15th century: seeking for wealth, colony

(Commerce and Nationalism)

·      population increase -> demand for good increase -> merchant increase -> trade increase -> interest on expanding the trade increased

·      strong government -> invest on exploring trade route

·      as trade with East increased, looking for faster route -> exploration began

o   Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal)

o   Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal) – going round the Cape of Good Hope

(Christopher Columbus)

·      after failed to appeal to Portugal, went to Spain (Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile)

·      (1st) took Bahamas as Asian island, Cuba as China

·      (2nd) Caribbean, small-short colony on Hispaniola

·      (3rd) 1498 – northern coast of South America

·      1513: Spaniard Vasco de Balboa crossed Isthmus of Panama – first European to see the ocean between America and China

·      1519 – 1522: Magellan circumnavigate the globe (though died in Philippines in the conflict with natives)

·      by 1550: Spaniard explore North America (Oregon east <-> Labrador west)

(The Spanish Empire)

·      Spain claim whole of Americas

o   except Brazil to Portugal

·      1518: Hernando Cortes (Spanish governor in Cuba) against Aztecs in Mexico (emperor: Montezuma)

o   purpose: treasure

o   (1st attempt) failed -> exposed the natives to small pox -> native’s population dwindle -> (2nd attempt) succeeded

o   brutal treatment to surviving natives

·      1538: Francisco Pizarro conquered Incas in Peru

·      settlement of Spaniards (16th century ~ for 300 years)

o   exploiting gold and silver (mine)

o   seeking for agricultural wealth (farmers)

o   to spread Christian religions -> influence of Catholic church extended in South and Central American, Mexico (religion)

·      end of 1500s, Spanish Empire included:

o   Caribbean islands

o   Mexico

o   southern North America

o   South America (Chile, Argentina, Peru)

·      1580: Spanish monarch temporally merged with Portugal, Brazil comes under Spanish jurisdiction

(Northern Outposts)

·      1565: built fort of St. Augustine in Florida (U.S.)North America)

·      1598: Don Juan de Onate, establish New Mexico colony against Pueblo Indians

o   encomiendas – policy favored to Spanish to exploit natives

·      1609: Santa Fe

o   main products: cattle and sheep

o   natives still practice their own religions -> Catholic priests tried to stop them -> uprising against European settlers -> Spanish fled -> came back 20 years later, recapturing Santa Fe (1696)

o   After the Revolt: saw constant conflict wouldn’t make a stable colony

§  allowed tribal religions (not openly)

§  permitted the Pueblos to own land

§  stopped commanding Indian labor

o   intermarriage between Spanish and Indian increased; by 1750

§  Spanish population grew

§  Pueblo population declined to less than half than 1680

ú  caused by disease, war, migration

(Biological and Cultural Exchanges)

·      introduction of European diseases (measles, smallpox, typhus, etc.)

o   Hispaniola, 1490s, when Columbus landed (1 mil. -> 500)

o   Mayan areas in Mexico, when Spanish landed (95% gone)

·      Europeans: took death of natives as God’s will of conquest

·      population decrease - 1) infection; 2) conquest; 3) extermination

o   took natives as “savages,” “uncivilized”

·      (to natives) introduction of crops, domestic livestock, horse

·      (to Europeans) new agricultural techniques, new crops (maize, potato)

·      development of dialect Spanish / Portuguese among natives

·      intermarriage (often forcible) -> mixed race, mestizos

·      colony enterprises depended on Indian workforce

o   forced slavery

o   coercive wage system: fixed wage for Indian miners or plantation workers

o   (1502) importing African workers

(Africa and America)

·      1500 – 1800: African “immigration” flourishing

o   most from Guinea: civilized (economies, political system)

o   southern coasts developed trade with Europeans, more than Central Africa

·      African society: matrilineal / divided male and female affairs

·      hierarchy: priests and nobles <- farmers, traders, crafts workers <- slaves

·      sugar production increased -> demand for slaves increasede

o   domination of slave trade: Portugal -> Dutch (17th) -> English (18th)

[The Arrival of the English]

- (1497) John Cabot (sponsored by King Henry VII) sailed to northeastern coast of North America

(Incentives for Colonization)

·      decline in food supply: demand for wool resulted increase growing livestock only

·      massive land

·      available market: mercantilism – one person or nation could grow rich only at the expense of another…sell as much as possible and buy as little as possible

·      spread religion: Protestant Reformation (Luther, Calvinism)

·      avoid religious persecution: the English Reformation (Henry VIII vs. Pope), Puritans/Separatists

- first experimental colony: Ireland

·      long, brutal process

o   resulted in assumption: rigid separation from native populations

(The French and the Dutch in America)

- French: Quebec in 1608 (1yr after Jamestown)

·      slow population growth

·      close ties with natives (partnership)

·      fur trade along St. Lawrence River

·      trade and military centers at Quebec and Montreal

- Dutch: Holland (early 17th century) / Dutch West India Company in 1624

·      reached New York State (Henry Hudson)

·      trading posts on Hudson

·      Hudson, Delaware, Connecticut Rivers = colony of New Netherland

·      principal town New Amsterdam (Manhattan Island)

(The First English Settlements)

- Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

·      England won over Spanish Armada (small size fleet = faster), broke Spain’s domination over the Atlantic.

·      Sir Humphrey Gilbert & Sir Walter Raleigh (veterans in Ireland colony)

·      -> obtained patent for six years to “rule” over land

o   1578 – Gilbert failed, sank

o   1579 – Raleigh succeeded -> name Virginia after Queen Elizabeth

o   1585 – Sir Richard Grenville in Roanoke island, off coast of North Carolina

o   1586 – Sir Francis Drake on Roanoke (unexpectedly); dispirited colonists left

o   1587 – Raleigh tried again on Roanoke; couldn’t visit for 3 yr due to Spanish; later found: all gone

1606: to avoid conflicts, James I set North America divided as - south given to London group, north given to Plymouth merchants

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