[America Before Columbus]
· 14,000 – 16,000 years ago; hunter-gatherers
· 8,000 B.C. : migration of nomadic herds
· end of 1400s: European entry
(The civilization of the South)
- primarily based on agriculture
- striking religious and ceremonial structures
· Peru – the Incas (6 mil.)
· Central America & Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico – the Mayas
(The civilization of the North)
North: difficult field for agriculture -> hunting
East: farming
West: hunting & gathering (nuts, grains, etc.)
- less elaborate; hunting, gathering, fishing
· Arctic Circle – the Eskimos (fish & hunt seals)
· Northern Forests - nomadic lives, hunting moose and caribous
· Pacific Northwest – settled along the coast, salmon fishing
· Far West – fishing, hunting, gathering
- agricultural
mobile, after farming switch to other lands
east of Mississippi river: Algonquian, Iroquiois, Muskogean, etc, same linguistic root
totemism
women playing minor role, but sometimes control social and economic organization
· Southwest – arid land, irrigation system
· Great Plains region – sedentary farming (corns, grains), permanent settlement
· Eastern – great food source, various food sources
[Europe Looks Westward]
before 15th century: not interested, weak, decentralized
after 15th century: seeking for wealth, colony
(Commerce and Nationalism)
· population increase -> demand for good increase -> merchant increase -> trade increase -> interest on expanding the trade increased
· strong government -> invest on exploring trade route
· as trade with East increased, looking for faster route -> exploration began
o Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal)
o Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal) – going round the Cape of Good Hope
(Christopher Columbus)
· after failed to appeal to Portugal, went to Spain (Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile)
· (1st) took Bahamas as Asian island, Cuba as China
· (2nd) Caribbean, small-short colony on Hispaniola
· (3rd) 1498 – northern coast of South America
· 1513: Spaniard Vasco de Balboa crossed Isthmus of Panama – first European to see the ocean between America and China
· 1519 – 1522: Magellan circumnavigate the globe (though died in Philippines in the conflict with natives)
· by 1550: Spaniard explore North America (Oregon east <-> Labrador west)
(The Spanish Empire)
· Spain claim whole of Americas
o except Brazil to Portugal
· 1518: Hernando Cortes (Spanish governor in Cuba) against Aztecs in Mexico (emperor: Montezuma)
o purpose: treasure
o (1st attempt) failed -> exposed the natives to small pox -> native’s population dwindle -> (2nd attempt) succeeded
o brutal treatment to surviving natives
· 1538: Francisco Pizarro conquered Incas in Peru
· settlement of Spaniards (16th century ~ for 300 years)
o exploiting gold and silver (mine)
o seeking for agricultural wealth (farmers)
o to spread Christian religions -> influence of Catholic church extended in South and Central American, Mexico (religion)
· end of 1500s, Spanish Empire included:
o Caribbean islands
o Mexico
o southern North America
o South America (Chile, Argentina, Peru)
· 1580: Spanish monarch temporally merged with Portugal, Brazil comes under Spanish jurisdiction
(Northern Outposts)
· 1565: built fort of St. Augustine in Florida (U.S.)North America)
· 1598: Don Juan de Onate, establish New Mexico colony against Pueblo Indians
o encomiendas – policy favored to Spanish to exploit natives
· 1609: Santa Fe
o main products: cattle and sheep
o natives still practice their own religions -> Catholic priests tried to stop them -> uprising against European settlers -> Spanish fled -> came back 20 years later, recapturing Santa Fe (1696)
o After the Revolt: saw constant conflict wouldn’t make a stable colony
§ allowed tribal religions (not openly)
§ permitted the Pueblos to own land
§ stopped commanding Indian labor
o intermarriage between Spanish and Indian increased; by 1750
§ Spanish population grew
§ Pueblo population declined to less than half than 1680
ú caused by disease, war, migration
(Biological and Cultural Exchanges)
· introduction of European diseases (measles, smallpox, typhus, etc.)
o Hispaniola, 1490s, when Columbus landed (1 mil. -> 500)
o Mayan areas in Mexico, when Spanish landed (95% gone)
· Europeans: took death of natives as God’s will of conquest
· population decrease - 1) infection; 2) conquest; 3) extermination
o took natives as “savages,” “uncivilized”
· (to natives) introduction of crops, domestic livestock, horse
· (to Europeans) new agricultural techniques, new crops (maize, potato)
· development of dialect Spanish / Portuguese among natives
· intermarriage (often forcible) -> mixed race, mestizos
· colony enterprises depended on Indian workforce
o forced slavery
o coercive wage system: fixed wage for Indian miners or plantation workers
o (1502) importing African workers
(Africa and America)
· 1500 – 1800: African “immigration” flourishing
o most from Guinea: civilized (economies, political system)
o southern coasts developed trade with Europeans, more than Central Africa
· African society: matrilineal / divided male and female affairs
· hierarchy: priests and nobles <- farmers, traders, crafts workers <- slaves
· sugar production increased -> demand for slaves increasede
o domination of slave trade: Portugal -> Dutch (17th) -> English (18th)
[The Arrival of the English]
- (1497) John Cabot (sponsored by King Henry VII) sailed to northeastern coast of North America
(Incentives for Colonization)
· decline in food supply: demand for wool resulted increase growing livestock only
· massive land
· available market: mercantilism – one person or nation could grow rich only at the expense of another…sell as much as possible and buy as little as possible
· spread religion: Protestant Reformation (Luther, Calvinism)
· avoid religious persecution: the English Reformation (Henry VIII vs. Pope), Puritans/Separatists
- first experimental colony: Ireland
· long, brutal process
o resulted in assumption: rigid separation from native populations
(The French and the Dutch in America)
- French: Quebec in 1608 (1yr after Jamestown)
· slow population growth
· close ties with natives (partnership)
· fur trade along St. Lawrence River
· trade and military centers at Quebec and Montreal
- Dutch: Holland (early 17th century) / Dutch West India Company in 1624
· reached New York State (Henry Hudson)
· trading posts on Hudson
· Hudson, Delaware, Connecticut Rivers = colony of New Netherland
· principal town New Amsterdam (Manhattan Island)
(The First English Settlements)
- Jamestown, Virginia in 1607
· England won over Spanish Armada (small size fleet = faster), broke Spain’s domination over the Atlantic.
· Sir Humphrey Gilbert & Sir Walter Raleigh (veterans in Ireland colony)
· -> obtained patent for six years to “rule” over land
o 1578 – Gilbert failed, sank
o 1579 – Raleigh succeeded -> name Virginia after Queen Elizabeth
o 1585 – Sir Richard Grenville in Roanoke island, off coast of North Carolina
o 1586 – Sir Francis Drake on Roanoke (unexpectedly); dispirited colonists left
o 1587 – Raleigh tried again on Roanoke; couldn’t visit for 3 yr due to Spanish; later found: all gone
1606: to avoid conflicts, James I set North America divided as - south given to London group, north given to Plymouth merchants
· 14,000 – 16,000 years ago; hunter-gatherers
· 8,000 B.C. : migration of nomadic herds
· end of 1400s: European entry
(The civilization of the South)
- primarily based on agriculture
- striking religious and ceremonial structures
· Peru – the Incas (6 mil.)
· Central America & Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico – the Mayas
(The civilization of the North)
North: difficult field for agriculture -> hunting
East: farming
West: hunting & gathering (nuts, grains, etc.)
- less elaborate; hunting, gathering, fishing
· Arctic Circle – the Eskimos (fish & hunt seals)
· Northern Forests - nomadic lives, hunting moose and caribous
· Pacific Northwest – settled along the coast, salmon fishing
· Far West – fishing, hunting, gathering
- agricultural
mobile, after farming switch to other lands
east of Mississippi river: Algonquian, Iroquiois, Muskogean, etc, same linguistic root
totemism
women playing minor role, but sometimes control social and economic organization
· Southwest – arid land, irrigation system
· Great Plains region – sedentary farming (corns, grains), permanent settlement
· Eastern – great food source, various food sources
[Europe Looks Westward]
before 15th century: not interested, weak, decentralized
after 15th century: seeking for wealth, colony
(Commerce and Nationalism)
· population increase -> demand for good increase -> merchant increase -> trade increase -> interest on expanding the trade increased
· strong government -> invest on exploring trade route
· as trade with East increased, looking for faster route -> exploration began
o Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal)
o Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal) – going round the Cape of Good Hope
(Christopher Columbus)
· after failed to appeal to Portugal, went to Spain (Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile)
· (1st) took Bahamas as Asian island, Cuba as China
· (2nd) Caribbean, small-short colony on Hispaniola
· (3rd) 1498 – northern coast of South America
· 1513: Spaniard Vasco de Balboa crossed Isthmus of Panama – first European to see the ocean between America and China
· 1519 – 1522: Magellan circumnavigate the globe (though died in Philippines in the conflict with natives)
· by 1550: Spaniard explore North America (Oregon east <-> Labrador west)
(The Spanish Empire)
· Spain claim whole of Americas
o except Brazil to Portugal
· 1518: Hernando Cortes (Spanish governor in Cuba) against Aztecs in Mexico (emperor: Montezuma)
o purpose: treasure
o (1st attempt) failed -> exposed the natives to small pox -> native’s population dwindle -> (2nd attempt) succeeded
o brutal treatment to surviving natives
· 1538: Francisco Pizarro conquered Incas in Peru
· settlement of Spaniards (16th century ~ for 300 years)
o exploiting gold and silver (mine)
o seeking for agricultural wealth (farmers)
o to spread Christian religions -> influence of Catholic church extended in South and Central American, Mexico (religion)
· end of 1500s, Spanish Empire included:
o Caribbean islands
o Mexico
o southern North America
o South America (Chile, Argentina, Peru)
· 1580: Spanish monarch temporally merged with Portugal, Brazil comes under Spanish jurisdiction
(Northern Outposts)
· 1565: built fort of St. Augustine in Florida (U.S.)North America)
· 1598: Don Juan de Onate, establish New Mexico colony against Pueblo Indians
o encomiendas – policy favored to Spanish to exploit natives
· 1609: Santa Fe
o main products: cattle and sheep
o natives still practice their own religions -> Catholic priests tried to stop them -> uprising against European settlers -> Spanish fled -> came back 20 years later, recapturing Santa Fe (1696)
o After the Revolt: saw constant conflict wouldn’t make a stable colony
§ allowed tribal religions (not openly)
§ permitted the Pueblos to own land
§ stopped commanding Indian labor
o intermarriage between Spanish and Indian increased; by 1750
§ Spanish population grew
§ Pueblo population declined to less than half than 1680
ú caused by disease, war, migration
(Biological and Cultural Exchanges)
· introduction of European diseases (measles, smallpox, typhus, etc.)
o Hispaniola, 1490s, when Columbus landed (1 mil. -> 500)
o Mayan areas in Mexico, when Spanish landed (95% gone)
· Europeans: took death of natives as God’s will of conquest
· population decrease - 1) infection; 2) conquest; 3) extermination
o took natives as “savages,” “uncivilized”
· (to natives) introduction of crops, domestic livestock, horse
· (to Europeans) new agricultural techniques, new crops (maize, potato)
· development of dialect Spanish / Portuguese among natives
· intermarriage (often forcible) -> mixed race, mestizos
· colony enterprises depended on Indian workforce
o forced slavery
o coercive wage system: fixed wage for Indian miners or plantation workers
o (1502) importing African workers
(Africa and America)
· 1500 – 1800: African “immigration” flourishing
o most from Guinea: civilized (economies, political system)
o southern coasts developed trade with Europeans, more than Central Africa
· African society: matrilineal / divided male and female affairs
· hierarchy: priests and nobles <- farmers, traders, crafts workers <- slaves
· sugar production increased -> demand for slaves increasede
o domination of slave trade: Portugal -> Dutch (17th) -> English (18th)
[The Arrival of the English]
- (1497) John Cabot (sponsored by King Henry VII) sailed to northeastern coast of North America
(Incentives for Colonization)
· decline in food supply: demand for wool resulted increase growing livestock only
· massive land
· available market: mercantilism – one person or nation could grow rich only at the expense of another…sell as much as possible and buy as little as possible
· spread religion: Protestant Reformation (Luther, Calvinism)
· avoid religious persecution: the English Reformation (Henry VIII vs. Pope), Puritans/Separatists
- first experimental colony: Ireland
· long, brutal process
o resulted in assumption: rigid separation from native populations
(The French and the Dutch in America)
- French: Quebec in 1608 (1yr after Jamestown)
· slow population growth
· close ties with natives (partnership)
· fur trade along St. Lawrence River
· trade and military centers at Quebec and Montreal
- Dutch: Holland (early 17th century) / Dutch West India Company in 1624
· reached New York State (Henry Hudson)
· trading posts on Hudson
· Hudson, Delaware, Connecticut Rivers = colony of New Netherland
· principal town New Amsterdam (Manhattan Island)
(The First English Settlements)
- Jamestown, Virginia in 1607
· England won over Spanish Armada (small size fleet = faster), broke Spain’s domination over the Atlantic.
· Sir Humphrey Gilbert & Sir Walter Raleigh (veterans in Ireland colony)
· -> obtained patent for six years to “rule” over land
o 1578 – Gilbert failed, sank
o 1579 – Raleigh succeeded -> name Virginia after Queen Elizabeth
o 1585 – Sir Richard Grenville in Roanoke island, off coast of North Carolina
o 1586 – Sir Francis Drake on Roanoke (unexpectedly); dispirited colonists left
o 1587 – Raleigh tried again on Roanoke; couldn’t visit for 3 yr due to Spanish; later found: all gone
1606: to avoid conflicts, James I set North America divided as - south given to London group, north given to Plymouth merchants
