APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[Loosening Ties]

- 1763: England began to enforce a series of colonial policies

(A Decentralized Empire)

·      George I (1714-1727) & George II (1727-1760): prime minister and cabinet (merchants and landholders) held real power -> feared tight grasping of colonies would ruin their profits -> loose, decentralized, inefficient administration of the colonies

·      colonial assembly: authority to levy taxes, approve appointments, etc.

o   sovereign regions

(The Colonies Divided)

·      1754: conflicts between French + Indian allies

·      Franklin: set up a “general government” to manage relations with Indians

[The Struggle for the Continent]

·      1750s – 1760s: struggle between France and England

·      Seven Year’s War – Britain won, confirming its commercial supremacy and control

(New France and the Iroquois Nation)

·      France controlled Western America

o   Quebec

o   boundary: Montreal (south) <-> Detroit (west)

·      French – “tolerance”; adjusted themselves to Indians

·      Iroquois Confederacy: five Indian nations, defensive alliance

(Anglo-French Conflicts)

·      after Glorious Revolution in England, Anglo-French relationship is worsen

·      King William’s War (1689-1697) in northern New England

·      Queen Anne’s War (1701-1713)

·      Treaty of Utrecht (1713) closed all Anglo-French conflicts

·      Anglo-Spanish conflicts

·      (1749) French built fortresses in Ohio Valley

·      (1754) Washington sent to challenged French -> Washington built Fort Necessity -> Washington’s unsuccessful attack -> French attacked Fort Necessity, trapping Washington and army inside -> after 1/3 died, Washington surrendered

o   beginning of French and Indian war

(The Great War for the Empire)

·      French and Indian war lasted almost 9 yrs

·      (1754 – 1756) : local North American conflicts, with all tribes except Iroquois attacking English settlers

·      (1756 – 1758) Seven Year’s War; broader scale of warfare into Europe

o   William Pitt (English secretary of state) forcibly enlisting colonists -> known as impressment

o   Officials seized supplies from local farmers and tradesmen, took houses for shelters of soldiers

o   1758 : British vs. Colonists

·      (1758 - ) England’s favor

o   Pitt offered to reimburse colonists

o   French – outnumbered by English, poor harvests

o   (1758) Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe – capture fortress at Louisbourg

o   Fort Duquesne fell without a fight

o   (1759) fall of Quebec

o   (1760) French formally surrendered to Amherst in Montreal

o   (1763) Peace of Paris

§  ceded Britain West Indian islands, most colonies in India and Canada, All French territory in North America (east of Mississippi) to Spain

·      results:

o   England’s expansion of land

o   Britain’s debt

o   British resentment of the Americans -> decide to increase authority over the colonies

o   to-coming disasters of Native Americans

[The New Imperialism]

- seek to increase England’s administrative capacities in America

(Burdens of Empire)

·      large war debt -> British is unwilling to pay more tax -> believed Americans should be taxed instead

·      1760 – George III

·      George Grenville: named to be Prime Minister by king in 1763

o   wanted colonists to obey the laws and pay taxes for Empire

(The British and the Tribes)

·      Proclamation of 1763 – forbade settlers to advance beyond Appalachian mountains, fearing another war with Indians

o   Indians supported it

o   ineffective, as whites kept on moving

·      1768 – new agreement to set the boundary further west

(Battles over Trade and Taxes)

·      Munity Act of 1765 – colonists are required to help maintaining the army

·      Colonial manufacturing was restricted -> to avoid competition with Britain

·      Sugar Act of 1764 – duty on sugar rose while duty on molasses was lowered

·      Currency Act of 1764 – forbade issuing paper money

·      Stamp Act of 1765 – tax on printed documents

- helped colonists to overcome internal conflicts

- helped colonists to recognize the problem of London gov. in the colony

- colonists’ grievances to England

[Stirring of Revolt]

- relationship became worse between England and the Colonies

(The Stamp Act Crisis)

- affected everyone (not just a specific group)

·      (Patrick Henry) “Virginia Resolves” : the rights to be taxed is only by their representatives

·      (James Otis) after Stamp Act of 1765, petition to get rid of the tax; should be taxed by their own provincial assemblies

·      mob rising against the Stamp Act (and British Aristocrats)

·      boycotts: many Englishmen stopped buying Eng. products after the Sugar Act of 1764

·      1766: new PM, Marquis of Rockingham

o   repealed Stamp Act on 1766 March

o   Declaratory Act: confirmed Parliamentary authority over the colonies

(The Townshend Program)

·      king dismissed Rockingham -> William Pitt (Lord Chatham) -> in reality ruled by chancellor Charles Townshend

·      American grievance to Mutiny Act of 1765 (requires colonists to shelter and supply British troops)

·      Massachusetts and New York refused to vote for mandated supplies to the troops

o   1767: Townshend disbanded New York assembly until all colonists obey

o   imposed new taxes (Townshend Duties) on goods imported to colonies from Eng.

§  colonies rejected it

·      Townshend established new commissions -> ended lucrative smuggling of American merchants

o   headquarter in Boston

o   1768: Boston (later with Philadelphia and New York, then later with Southern merchants and planters) boycotted against Eng.

·      1767: Townshend died

o   1770: new PM Lord North repealed all Townshend laws (except tea tax)

(The Boston Massacre)

·      British gov. sent troops to regulate Boston -> poorly paid soldiers looked for jobs -> competition grew -> clashes

·      March 5, 1770

o   dockworkers threw rocks and snowballs to customs house

o   Captain Thomas Preston ordered his men to line up front of the house

o   some scuffling

o   several British soldiers fired into the crowd, killing five

o   colonial pamphlets caused sensual agitation on colonists

o   Samuel Adams (1772) : Committee of Correspondence, accusing Eng.

(The Philosophy of Revolt)

·      1760s – challenging England authority, publicizing colonial grievances

o   various reasons against British

·      new concept: government should help protect corrupted humans from evil, as a safeguard

·      England: power divided among three classes (monarchy, aristocracy, common people); government is a single, undivided unit (King and Parliament)

o   Constitution is not fixed – changeable

·      America: representation by every region; division of sovereignty

o   did not accept flexible constitution

o   No taxation without representation: right of people to be taxed only with their own consent

(Sites of Resistance)

·      tavern culture (crucial growth of Revolutionary sentiment): alcohol, public place to discuss, companionship, political conversation

o   esp. Massachusetts

·      colonists seized British revenue ship on Delaware river

·      1772: Rhode Island residents sank British schooner

(The Tea Excitement)

·      1773: Britain’s East Indian Company had too many tea -> given rights to sell tea without taxation -> monopoly in colonial tea trade -> angered colonial merchants

o   Lord North thought the colonists would be happy -> rather, it revived America about the issue of taxation without representation -> colonists boycotted tea (involved large segments of population)

·      The Daughters of Liberty: “rather than Freedom, we’ll part with our Tea.”

·      1773: colonial leaders planned to prevent East India Company to land its cargoes

o   Boston Tea Party: 1774, Dec. 16th – fifty men dressed up as Mohawk Indians, dumped tea into the ocean

·      Britain’s reaction – Coercive Acts (“Intolerable Acts” in America):

o   closing the port of Boston

o   reducing the power of Massachusetts self-government

o   permitting royal officials to be tried in colonies

o   providing for the quartering the troops by the colonists

o   Quebec Act – extended the boundaries of Quebec

§  legalized & granted political rights to Roman Catholics

§  colonists feared that it’s a plot to make colonists subject to the rule of Pope

·      -> backfired at colonists; tension increased, anti-British sentiments

o   Colonial legislature passed series of resolves supporting Massachusetts

o   1774: women in North Carolina declared their duty to do “everything as far as lies in our power” to support the “publick good”

[Cooperation and War]

- 1765: colonial leaders, organizations against Britain

(New Sources of Authority)

·      1774: at Williamburg, declared Intolerable Acts menacing liberties, called for Continental Congress

·      1774: First Continental Congress (except Georgia) in Philadelphia

o   rejected colonial union under British authority

o   demanded Britain to remove all oppressive laws that passed since 1763

o   organized defensive military against British troops in Boston

o   agreed boycott against Britain -> formation of “Continental Association”

o   to meet again next spring

·      1775: “Conciliatory Propositions” – colonies would tax themselves at Parliament’s demand

o   too little, too late

(Lexington and Concord)

·      preparing for war “Minutemen” in Lexington

·      Boston: General Thomas Gage hesitated -> later heard about minutemen -> 1775: sent 1,000 men to Lexington to seize illegal supplies without bloodshed

·      Boston sensed it before -> William Dawes and Paul Revere organized minutemen -> gun fight, some minutemen died and wounded; many British died

·      War for Independence began

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