APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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  • Cramming
    • Colonies - American Revolution (1607 - 1789)>
      • Colonies
      • Acts of Parliament
      • Continental Congress & Articles of Confederation
      • American Revolutionary War
      • Aftermath of Revolution
      • Constitution & Acts
    • Washington - Tyler (1789-1845)>
      • George Washington (1789-1797)
      • John Adams (1797-1801)
      • Court Cases (Marshall court)
      • Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
      • James Madison (1809-1817)
      • James Monroe (1817-1825)
      • John Qunicy Adams (1825-1829)
      • Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
      • Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
      • William Henry Harrison (1841)
      • John Tyler (1841-1845)
    • Manifest Destiny - Antebellum (1846 - 1860)>
      • Slavery and Sectioanlism
      • Religious & Social Movement
      • Manifest Destiny
      • What Led to the Civil War
      • Economic Development
      • James Polk (1845 - 1849)
      • Zachary Taylor (1849~1850)
      • Millard Fillmore (1850~1853)
      • Franklin Pierce (1853~1857)
      • James Buchanan (1857~1861)
    • Civil War - Industrilization (1861 - 1897)>
      • Court Cases (Post-Civil War)
    • Progressive Era - WWI (1900 - 1918)
    • Roaring Twenties - WWII (1920 - 1945)
    • The Golden Age - The Cold War (1950 - 1990)
    • American Foreign Policy (the Big Picture)
  • Resources
    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
    • Useful Links
    • THE Cram Packet (pdf)
    • Comment
[The Colonial Population]

- late 17th century: more whites and Africans than natives along the coast

·      most population = indentured servants

(Indentured Servitude)

·      young ppl from England bound themselves to their masters for 4-5 yr in exchange for passage fee to American, food, and shelter

·      after set free, became farmers, tradesmen, artisans, etc.

o   those who couldn’t find a job were “floating” -> caused social problem

·      1670s: low birth rate & improved economic condition in England -> decline in indentured servitude -> servants avoided southern Colonies

o   as a result, landowners began to rely on African slaves

(Birth and Death)

·      increased birth rate in the colony & high life expectancy in New England (now immune to local diseases) -> population growth

·      more women came -> reproduced colony’s population

(Medicine in the Colonies)

·      unhygienic condition caused bacteria, causing deaths for women as giving births

·      midwives grew popular then doctors

·      used ancient medical methods based on assumptions only

(Women and Families in the Colonies)

·      women usually married in early 20s (much younger than their husbands)

·      (Chesapeake) high infant mortality rate & causing deaths of parturient woman

·      (New England) low infant mortality rate -> parents guided children’s marriages

o   strict parental rules

o   Puritan ideas stressed for absolute man domination in family

 

(The Beginning of Slavery in English America)

·      Southern region: always demanded for labor force

·      demand for slaves -> expanded transatlantic slave trade

·      “middle passage” – long journey to the Americas from African continent

·      1697: rival traders broke the Royal African Company’s monopoly -> increased slave trades and price fell

·      by 1760: African slaves replaced Indentured servants

o   white supremacy & economic advantages made Whites to treat Slaves harshly

o   “permanent servitude” became legal in early 18th century

o   no distinction of mixed race: if you are black, then you are a slave

 

(Changing Sources of European Immigration)

·      to escape religious persecution (French Calvinists)

·      to escape invasions (Palatinate Germans; first to England then to America)

·      most numerous: Scotch-Irish from Ireland

·      to avoid high rents and unemployment (Scottish Highlanders to North Carolina)

[The Colonial Economies]

·      17th - 18th century: farming

(The Southern Economy)

- suitable farming land, dependent on cash crops, did not develop industrial economy

·      Chesapeake (Maryland and Virginia): tobacco plantation

o   1640: burst of tobacco farming, as supply exceeds demands

·      South Carolina and Georgia: rice production

o   mostly done by African slaves

(Northern Economic and Technological Life)

·      little farming and industrial economy

o   cobbler, blacksmith, rifle maker, cabinetmaker, silversmith, printer, running mill to process crops

·      1640s: Massachusetts – ironwork industry (technological success, financial failure; closed in 1668)

o   metal industry grew

§  obstacles: England’s Iron Act of 1750 (restricting metal processing in the colonies), lack of labor supply, small domestic market, inadequate transportation facilities and energy supplies

§  exploited natural resources

§  created commercial class

(The Extent and Limits of Technology)

·      lacked equipment, basic technological capacities

·      typically produced their own supplies, such as clothes, food, cart, etc.

(The Rise of Colonial Commerce)

·      barely had any gold or silver, and colonies’ paper currency was not accepted -> relied on bartering

·      didn’t know market trend (supply and demand)

·      “triangular trade” rum(New England)->slaves(Africa)->sugar(West Indies)

(The Rise of Consumerism)

·      growing consumption on material goods

o   results of industrial revolution, luxurious display

§  wanted to be “lady” or “gentleman” like aristocrats

·      ads & promotion agents increased

[Patterns of Society]

·      aristocrats relied on landownership <- less powerful

·      more opportunities for social mobility

(Masters and Slaves on the Plantation)

·      generally small plantation which had frequent price bumps

·      landowner lived in a cabin or hut, while workers slept in nearby barn or house

·      slaves themselves developed their own culture

·      slaves often resisted their masters

o   1739: Stono Rebellion, 100 blacks killing several whites with weapons, attempting to escape south to Florida <- crushed, participants executed

·      most slaves worked in farm; some slaves worked as skilled men

(The Puritan Community)

·      town with nearly farmers living together

·      organized “town meeting” to choose a group of “selectmen” to run town’s affairs

·      no Primogeniture (first-born son gets all properties)

·      population growth -> moving away from the center of the town, away from church

·      1692: Salem witch trial

o   low class widowed women who were abrasive to neighbors’ eyes

o   envy toward women with wealth who challenged the society’s trend

o   reflection of highly religious character of New England

(Cities)

·      1770: Philadelphia and New York = largest population

·      colonial cities:

o   trading centers for farmers as market

o   leaders = generally wealthy merchants

o   industry

o   advanced schools, imported goods, cultural activities

o   intellectual activities

§  publications (ex: newspaper, books, etc.)

§  taverns and coffeehouses: discussion/debate forums

[Awakenings and Enlightenments]

- struggle to control their own lives away from church and religious principle

(The Pattern of Religions)

·      no single unity of religions

·      general trend for blending of religions (except Virginia, Maryland)

·      Anti-Catholicism: relationship to French in Canada

·      Anti-Semitism: 2,000 at that time, open worship is only allowed in Rhode Island

·      declension to religious piety

(The Great Awakening)

- break away from the old and start the fresh new relationship with God

·      1730s – 1740s

·      mostly to women and younger generation with uncertain future

·      John and Charles Wesley (Methodist) visited Georgia and other colonies in 1730s

·      George Whitefield from England

·      Jonathan Edwards from Massachusetts (great preacher)

·      founded schools for minister training

(The Enlightenment)

- encouraged people to look to themselves and their own intellect, not just to God

·      created growing interest in education

·      heightened growing concern with politics and government

influenced by: Francis Bacon, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Rene Descarte

led to: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

(Literacy and Technology)

- central to colonial life

·      almanacs: medical advices, navigational and agricultural information, practical wisdom, humor, predictions about the future, weather patterns for the coming years, and more

o   Poor Richard’s Almanac: published by Franklin in Philadelphia

·      printing technology -> wide spread of reading materials

·      rising literacy -> demand for reading materials

·      Publick Occurrences – first newspaper, Boston, 1690

·      Stamp Act of 1765: impose tax on printed materials

(Education)

- generally to wealthy white men

·      1647: Massachusetts, law required that every town support a school

·      Quakers and other sects: church school

·      “dame schools” to educated widows or unmarried women

·      schools for skilled workers

·      Africans and other groups were not formally taught in education system

o   missionaries taught Indians English

·      Harvard, Yale, Princeton founded: religious basis with other subjects

·      King’s College, College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania): devoted to spread secular ideas

(The Spread of Science)

·      Franklin: study of electricity

·      inoculation against smallpox

(Concepts of Law and Politics)

·      based on English system

·      self-government: local communities grew accustomed to running their own affairs

o   colonial assemblies = parliament

o   provincial governor’s influence is limited

·      1763: English gov. tried to tighten its control over the colonies -> conflict arises

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