APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[The Changing American Population]

- population growth

(Population Trends)

·      1820 – 1840: rapid population increase, westward immigration, towns & cities growth (demands for work force grew)

·      American population: (1790) 4 mil -> (1820) 10 mil -> (1840) 17 mil

o   result of 1) improvements in public health; 2) high birth rate

·      African-American population: 1808 slave imports banned + high death rate = slower growth rate

·      Immigrations: Wars in Europe and economic crisis in America discouraged immigration -> reduction in transportation price + increasing opportunities in America = immigration boom

o   Catholics from Ireland

o   settled in growing cities of Northeast

o   internal migration: to eastern cities / (minor) south farm regions

(Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840 – 1860)

·      dramatic population growth

o   14% of free population live in cities (1840) -> 26% (1860)

o   6% of free population live in urban areas (1840) -> 10% (1860)

·      West agricultural economy (1820 – 1840) forming new port cities, river ports

·      Immigration from Europe: (1840 – 1850) 1.5 mil -> 2.5 mil (1850s)

o   1850s: almost ½ of NY population = immigrants

o   few settled in South

·      Immigration: mostly from Germany / Ireland

o   1860: 1 mil German (moved to northwest -> farmers or small businessmen) / 1.5 mil Irish-born (eastern cities -> unskilled labor workers)

(The Rise of Nativism)

·      Democrats wanted supports from the immigrants

·      Some watched it with alarm

o   some argued the immigrants are inferior / they corrupt the politics by selling their votes

o   complained that immigrants are stealing the jobs

o   Protestants worried Irish would increase Catholic power

o   -> “Alien Menace”

·      Native American Association (1837) -> Native American Party (1845) -> joined with other nativist groups to form the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled banner (1850)

o   demanded to ban Catholics / aliens from holding public office

o   passed more naturalization laws

o   establishing literacy tests for voting

o   strict code of secrecy; code: “I know nothing” -> known as “Know-Nothings”

·      1852 election: Know-Nothings created “American Party”

o   took control over Massachusetts, did well in NY and Pennsylvania, but not so well outside of Northeast

o   after 1854: declined and disappeared

[Transportation and Communication Revolutions]

- 1800s – 1850s :: dramatic change of transportation and communication

(The Canal Age)

·      1790 – 1820s: turnpike era

·      1820s – 1830s: further development for nation’s expanding needs

o   steamboats replaced slow barges

§  carried cotton / tobacco of Southwestern planters ß en route à New Orleans

·      many wanted direct access to urban markets and ports of the Atlantic Coast -> building canals

o   Canals: financing first by states

·      NY (first – 1817 July): Hudson Rv. <-> Lake Erie ß difficulty: 350-mile route interrupted by high ridges and thick woods

o   Erie Canal (finished in 1825) <- required high technology, high cost – imposed high tariff (7 yr tolls payed things off)

§  provided route to the Great Lakes

§  NY <-> Chicago

o   Erie Canal contributed to the downfall of NE agriculture

§  cheaper for Western farmers to ship crops east ; NE farmers can’t compete

·      Ohio and Indiana connected Lake Erie <-> Ohio River

o   possible from NY <-> New Orleans

·      Results: increased white settlement in the Northwest

o   western products -> New Orleans (*and to NY)

o   eastern manufactured goods -> East -> NY -> West

·      other rival cities didn’t succeed in catching up

(The Early Railroads)

·      1820s – 1830s: railroad = minor roles

·      technological + entrepreneurial innovation = railroads

o   steam-powered locomotives

o   trains as public carriers of passengers and freight

·      1820: John Stevens ran a locomotive and cars (New Jersey)

·      1825: Stockton and Darlington Railroad in England = first line of general traffic

·      Baltimore and Ohio (1830) – opened 13-mile stretch of track

·      NY (1831) – Mohawk and Hudson began running trains Schenectady <-> Albany

·      1836: long tracks in 11 states

(The Triumph of the Rails)

·      3,000 mi (1840) -> 27,000 mi (1860) mostly in Northeast

o   even crossed Mississippi over iron bridges

o   Chicago = rail center

·      main water routes: 1) Erie Canal / 2) Mississippi River

o   lessened the dependence of the West on Mississippi

·      Railroads lessen the connection of Northwest and South

·      Most from federal gov. assistance than from public land grants / private land companies

·      Impacts: 1) active trades; 2) railroads cut the time for shipping and travelling A LOT

·      Railroads =

o   nation’s economic growth

o   modern corporate form of organization

o   symbol for nation’s technological prowess

(The Telegraph)

·      before: post offices (horseback and coach) -> railroad travels

·      1830s: experiments with faster communication methods

o   sun and reflective devices to send light signals

·      1832: Samuel F. B. Morse – electricity, trying to find a way to send signal through electrical wiring to send reproductions of human voice / complex info.

o   Morse Code: language of electrical pulse

·      1843: Congress - $30,000 for experimental telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington

o   May 1844: completed <- sent Morse code

·      1860: more than 50,000 miles of wire connected the country

o   wire = often along the railroad tracks -> telegraph offices often located in railroad stations

o   helped prevent accidents by alerting stations

 

(New Forms of Journalism)

·      American Journalism – fast, quick news delivery

·      1846: newspaper publishers formed the Associated Press (AP) for cooperative news gathering by wire

·      1846: Richard Hoe (steam cylinder rotary press) -> faster and cheaper print

[Commerce and Industry]

- mid-19th century :: modern capitalist economy, advanced industrial capacity

- benefiting some classes and some regions unequally

(The Expansion of Business, 1820 - 1840)

·      individuals or limited partnerships = most business / / great merchant capitalist = sole ownership

·      in some cases, individual merchant capitalist giving away to Corporation

o   began developing 1830s (legal obstacle removed)

§  before) corporation could only obtain a charter by special act of state legislature only

§  after) states passed general incorporation laws (a group can secure a charter by paying a fee) -> system of limited liability (stockholders risked losing only up to the amount of their investment)

o   growth of larger corporations

(The Emergence of the Factory)

·      Products (factory)

o   before War of 1812: mostly made in small shops or homemade

o   later of 1800s: NE textile manufacturers with new machines from water power, allowed to bring operation at the same time

§  Factory System

·      1840 – 1860: more than ½ of 140,000 manufacturing establishments in Northeast -> produced more than 2/3 of manufactured goods <- employed nearly ¾ of men and women

(Advances in Technology)

·      1840s: technological development for more refined products

·      machine tools

o   gov. supported research and development <- in connection with military

§  early 1800s: Springfield, Massachusetts – turret lathe and universal milling machine

§  1850s: standardized rifle parts

o   1840s: Americans were better than that of Europe’s

·      interchangeable parts spread into many industries

o   then) watch, clock, manufacturing of locomotives, steam engines, farm tools

o   later) bicycles, sweing machines, typewriters, cash registers, and automobiles

·      coal production: Pennsylvania -  50,000 ton (1820) -> 14 mil (1860)

·      544 patent (1830) -> 4778 patent (1860)

·      some achievements

o   1839: Charles Goodyear (NE) method of vulcanizing rubber

o   1846: Elias Howe (Massachusetts) sewing machine -> Isaac Singer made improvements on it; Howe-Singer machine for ready-to-wear clothes

(Innovations in Corporate Organization)

·      merchant capitalism declined in 1850s

o   British competitors

o   greater opportunities for profit in manufacturing than in trade

·      industry grew in North <- north merchant class with money began financing

o   emerging industrial capitalists became new aristocrats of the Northwest; economic and political influence

[Men and Women At Work]

- (1820s – 1830s) factory open to native-borns; (1840) immigrants

(Recruiting a Native Work Force)

·      (1820s) - 90% Americans lived/worked in farms v.s. skilled artisans in urban area

o   not enough unskilled workers for industries

·      agricultural production improvements (MidWest) -> open chance for importing foods from other states -> no need to farm anymore

o   more ppl left rural area to work in industries

·      Recruitment Systems

o   1) (mid-Atlantic states) brought whole families from the farm and work together

o   2) (Massachusetts) enlisted young women -> “Lowell or Waltham System”

§  women worked and saved money, went back home and marry

·      Lowell women treated generally well, generous wages, even published monthly magazine

·      1830s – 1840s – competitive textile market, manufacturers found unable to keep up with original condition

o   wages declined, work hours prolonged, condition deteriorated

·      1834: “Factory Girls Association” -> strike to protest a 25% wage cut; 2 yrs later, strike against rent increase in the boarding houses

o   both strikes failed; recession in 1837 destroyed the organization

·      1842: “Female Labor Reform Association” (led by militant Sarah Bagley) -> for 10 hr/day and condition improvements

o   asked state gov. and legislative to check the conditions in the mills

·       gradually girls moved to other occupations

o   teachers, domestic service, marriage

·      manufacturers turned to immigrants

(The Immigrant Work Force)

·      1840: increasing immigrants -> factory workers

o   poorly paid, poor condition, over-working, heavy tasks

·      Irish workers dominating NE textile mills

o   piece rates (than daily wage)

o   exploited workforce (12-14 hr/day)

·      women/children earned far less than men

(The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition)

·      artisan (long republican provision) <- outcompeted by growing industries

·      1820s – 1830s: formed societies for mutual aid “Trade Unions”

o   1834: delegates from six cities founded “National Trades’ Union”

o   1836: printers and shoemakers set up National Craft Union

·      (difficulties) hostile laws & courts handicapped the unions / Panic of 1837

(Fighting for Control)

·      workers tried to persuade state legislatures to pass laws for maximum workday and regulate child labor <- little success

·      1842 (Massachusetts) Commonwealth v. Hunt declared Unions = lawful organizations; strikes = lawful weapon

·      most craft unions excluded women -> 1850s, women established their own unons

·      Immigrants

o   many immigrants willing to work at lower prices than native workers <- employers easily replaced

o   ethnic division : separate protests

·      industrial capitalist: packed with economic + political, social power.

[Patterns of Society]

- unequal social relationship

(The Rich and the Poor)

·      increased average income <- distributed unequally

o   some class with low income: slaves, Indians, landless farmers, unskilled workers

·      income disparity began to grow -> rich began forming their own community in large cities

o   display their wealth: great mansions, carriages, luxurious goods, social establishment

o   1850s: construction of Central Park <- for daily carriage riding (wealthy men)

·      urban destitute: w/out properties, homes

o   depended on charity or crimes or both

o   many were recent immigrants (esp. Irish)

o   free blacks: couldn’t vote, attend publish schools, use public services

§  most preferred North

(Social Mobility)

·      little class conflict:

o   most life was better in America than in Europe

o   mobility within working class <- American Dream

·      geographical mobility: saved money, bought land, moved west and began as a farmer

o   few could afford to do so

·      most moved from one industrial region to another

o   victims of layoffs

·      divided work force made unions not as powerful and effective

(Middle-Class Life)

·      fast-growing middle class <- economic development provided them with chances

o   could become wealth without owning lands but through industry

·      middle class lived in city streets, owned houses but less lavish

o   women usually remained and cared for house

o   -> hired immigrant women servants -> massive housework loads

·      cast-iron stoves -> began subbing fireplaces

o   increased food variety

o   few had iceboxes <- fresh meats // but most didn’t have refrigerator <- conserved foods with salts

·      Middle-class began distinguishing themselves from others

o   baroque household styles of the Victorian era (crowded style)

o   house became larger

o   parlor and dining room separated from kitchen (considered a luxury)

o   1850s: some urban had in-door toilets

(The Changing Family)

·      children leave house to look for job

·      early 1800s; family = economic unit

·      distinction between family and workplace

o   concerns for family – housekeeping, child rearing, domestic concerns (households) etc.

·      1800 – 1860: decline of birth rate (7 -> 5)

(The “Cult of Domesticity”)

·      women dominated by men

o   seldom encouraged education above primary level

o   before 1837: no college accepted females

·      preindustrial era: all members = income earners

·      new industrial society: in a middle-class family,

o   men = main income producer

o   women = “domestic virtues” <- tending the house, dress up stylishly

·      Literature: romantic novels, magazines focused on fashions, shipping, house making, and other domestic concerns

·      “cult of domesticity” – placed higher value for “female virtues”

o   female workers = low class preserves

·      working class women working in worse condition than Lowell and Waltham

·      domestic service = women employment

(Leisure Activities)

·      all but wealthy class had leisure activities - because they had to work

o   Sunday: religious serving

o   July 4th: non-religious holiday

·      most men: 1) drinking, 2) talking; 3) game-playing after work

·      women: gathered in the house for 1) conversation; 2) card games

·      educated: 1) reading (newspapers, magazines) <- books = symbol for wealth

·      theater: American popular novels / myths

·      1830s: Shakespeare – very popular in America

o   parodies and sandwich-version apparent in rural areas

o   many big fans (1849 – a riot)

·      ministerial shows (ridiculed African-American culture)

·      sporting events: boxing, horse racing, cockfighting (becoming controversial)

·      yearning or bizarre and fantastic

o   P. T. Barnum – opened a museum in NY 1842 with collection of strange ppl

·      lectures – keep up updates of science, experiences in exotic places, historical narratives, advocate against alcohol/slavery

o   particularly attracted women

[The Agricultural North]

- Northeast – urbanization and industrialization

- Northwest – tied to agricultural world -> becoming part of capitalist economy

(Northeastern Agriculture)

·      after 1820: agriculture in Northeast – decline & transformation

o   couldn’t compete with Northwest

§  1840 -> 1860, wheat production taken away by western states

§  1840 -> 1850, most cattle production taken away by western states

·      eastern farmers went to establish new farms; others moved to mill towns and became laborers

·      some remained in the farm and began supplying foods for growing cities

o   raised vegetables (truck farming), fruits

o   provided milk, butter, cheese to local urban market

(The Old Northwest)

·      Northwest – agricultural machinery, meat-packing (farming machinery), agricultural products

·      Indians in upper third of the Great Lakes (until the civil war)

o   hunting, fishing, sitting agriculture

·      Northwest = farming lands

o   good soil -> high production

o   inhabitants were generally rich planters

·      growing cities -> more demands -> more production -> more profits

·      Northwest sold products to Northeast <- isolation of South in the Union

·      1850: white population moving to Mississippi regions

o   cleared forest or used Indian lands

o   developed timber industry

o   wheat, corn, potato, oats, livestock

·      new agricultural technique:

o   Mediterranean wheat

o   better-bred animals (hogs / sheep)

o   farm tools and machines: 1) cast iron plow (replaceable parts); 2) steel plows (1847 – John Deere, Illinois) – more durable

·      new technology for grain production

o   1) automatic reaper (Cyrus H. McCormick of Virginia)

§  pulled by horse power, cutting wheat -> mass harvest

§  patented in 1834, producing in a factory 1847, Chicago

§  1860: more than 100,000 reapers in use

o   2) thresher (separate grain from the wheat stalks)

§  Jerome I. Case factory in Wisconsin

·      Northwest <- capitalistic, property-conscious, middle class

·      Abraham Lincoln (Whig): anyone can do anything for his life

(Rural Life)

·      populated region: gathered in church, school, taverns, etc.

·      as moving further west <- isolated

·      communication through

o   church gathering

o   prayer meeting (in houses)

o   weeding, baptism, funerals

·      meeting for

o   sharing farming tactics

o   share domestic tasks (weaving etc.)

·      less contact with popular culture / public life

o   letters from relatives / friends from distant places

o   newspaper/magazines/ad catalogs

·      valued autonomy gained from it

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