[The Early Chesapeake]
- London Company headed to Virginia (1607)
(The Founding of Jamestown)
- 104 men sailed to Chesapeake Bay -> established Jamestown
· low and swampy, bordered local Indians
· vulnerable to malaria (local disease)
· supplies spent on finding gold -> no food production
· (1608 January) ship with additional men and supplies
o Captain John Smith: organized, steal food from Indians, etc.
(Reorganization and Expansion)
- London/Virginia Company organized another migration
· Lord De La Warr – first colony governor
· 600 people – a ship sunk, fevers -> (1610 May) reached Jamestown, only 60 survived
o 1609-1610 winter: “starving time”
· Virginia expanded:
o military power to protect themselves from natives
o discovery of tobacco
· (1612) John Rolfe cultivated; tobacco farming spread
o tobacco uses up land quickly -> demand for land increased -> moving deeper and deeper interior -> isolation with Jamestown & closer to natives
o demanded huge labor force
§ “Headlight System” : new settlers receive 50 acres -> massive migration (family unit esp.)
· ironworkers and skilled craftsmen – to diversify the economy
· 1619 July 30 - delegates met at the House of Burgesses
o first elected legislature
· 1619 - introduction of slavery (Dutch ship)
· 1610s – Sir Thomas Dale (successor) assaults against Indians
o chief’s daughter, Pocahontas, acted as translator, adopted English way
· 1622 March – Indians (leader: Opechancanough) killed 347 whites
· 1624 – James I revoked company’s charters
(Exchange of Agricultural Technology)
· hostility between Englishmen and Indians grew
o Englishmen felt they were superior
· Englishmen survived with agriculture technology taken from Indians
(Maryland and the Calverts)
· Maryland colony: venture in real estate & refuge for English Catholic
o George Calvert: died negotiating with the King
o Cecilius Calvert: (son, second Baltimore) received charter
o Leonard Calvert: (son’s brother) as colony governor
· neighboring Indians befriended
· to pay their expense -> recruited more people -> Protestants majority, Catholic minority -> allowed religious toleration (1649: Act Concerning Religion)
· 1635: Calverts agreed to call rep. assembly: “House of Delegates”
· labor shortage -> forced to grant land
o similar to Virginia, headright system
· like Virginia, tobacco cultivation
(Bacon’s Rebellion)
Sir William Berkeley – (1642-1677) dominant governor of Virginia
o favor English, harsh to Indians
· Virginia: rapid population growth
· frontiersmen underrepresented
· 1675 – major conflict between English and natives -> Bacon demanded Berkeley for militia -> Berkeley refused -> Bacon formed his own army -> Berkeley disapproved -> Bacon still battled, quite unsuccessful -> Berkeley called Bacon as rebels -> Bacon turned his army to gov. -> (1676) Bacon’s rebellion
o frontiersmen vs. aristocrats
o ended after Bacon’s death
o result: Indians unwillingly signed new treaty to give more lands to whites
[The Growth of New England]
- Plymouth Company (1606: charter) didn’t mount a successful colonizing expedition
- Captain John Smith: exploration on “New England”
(Plymouth Plantation)
· (1608) Puritan Separatists (Scrooby group) in Holland, Leyden -> later decided to stay away from Dutch society -> move across the Atlantic
· (1620) Scrooby group (“Pilgrims”) in Virginia -> Mayflower
o Mayflower Compact: establish a gov. themselves
o leader: William Bradford
· Indians ‘saved’ Pilgrims – taught agricultural & hunting methods
· not suitable for farming: rather profit on fish and fur
(The Massachusetts Bay Experiment)
· James I -> Charles I – repelled Puritans -> more migration to America
· Puritan merchants create Massachusetts Bay company
o 1630 - (leader: John Winthrop) sailed to New England
· Colonial Massachusetts: theocracy – very religious, pious, serious
· 1629-1630 – many died, but nearby Pilgrims and Indians helped
(The Expansion of New England)
· move interior: 1) fertile land; 2) to avoid oppression of church-dominated gov.
· 1635 – Thomas Hooker led his congregation west -> Hartford
· 1639 – Hartford people founded Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
· New Haven remained independent until 1662
· 1636 - Roger Williams escaped colonial gov. ; 1644 – established Rhode Island with charter from Parliament
· Anne Hutchinson: challenged spiritual authority of the clergy -> later banished to New York
· 1629 - New Hampshire and Maine established
o 1670 – New Hampshire became separate state
o 1820 – Maine separate
(Settlers and Natives)
· friendly; culture exchange -> spread of religion
· tension grew -> thought natives as a threat to religion
(King Philip’s War and the Technology of Battle)
· 1637 – Connecticut: Eng. vs. Natives (Pequot War)
· 1675 – King Philip’s War
o natives rose against Englishmen; Mohawk allies; ended after Metacomet died
· exchange of weapons: natives learnt to use rifles
[The Restoration Colonies]
England had interior problems, and no more colonies were established for 30 yrs.
(The English Civil War)
· Charles I (from 1629) angered parliament by dissolving it and raising tax -> (1649) Cromwell kills him and declared power -> after Cromwell’s death, his son fails -> Charles II comes to power : Restoration -> Charles II, to reward his ppl, grants them land:
o Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
(The Carolinas)
· eight noblemen granted charter (hoped to attract settlers to avoid financing expedition from England)
· religious freedom
· created representative assembly
· Anthony Ashley Cooper: after failure in lucrative colony, continued among all investors
· John Locke: aided Cooper (earl of Shaftesbury) draft Fundamental Constitution
o created social hierarchy
· north: backwoods farmers / south: prosperous agricultural land
· tension between rich Barbadians in southern Carolina and smaller landowners around them
· 1729: King divided the land into north and south
(New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey)
· 1664: Charles II grant Duke of York (later James II) the area between Connecticut and Delaware Rivers -> problem: Dutch claimed for the same -> used force to take it -> 1673: Dutch took it back briefly -> 1674: land returned to England
· religious freedom ; but no rep. assembly -> power to wealthy Eng. landlords
· rapid increase of population
· 1685: Duke of York -> James II
o gave southern New York to John Berkeley and George Carteret; Carteret named it New Jersey (separated in 1674; joined in 1702)
§ religious freedom
§ weak colonial government w/out strict rules
§ no important class of large landowners
(The Quaker Colonies)
· George Fox & Margaret Fell: leaders of “Society of Friends” -> known as Quakers
o rejected predestination and original sin
o believed in self-cultivation to attain salvation
o pacifists, no formal church gov. or clergy
· William Penn: converted Quaker
· 1681: Charles II paid debt by granting territory between New York and Maryland
o Penn established Quaker colony
o had mutual relationship with Indians, as Penn respected them
o conflicts rose -> allowed rep. assembly
§ divided – Delaware (1703)
[Borderlands and Middle Groups]
－ late 17th century – early 18th century, English colonies competed with each other
(The Caribbean Islands)
- Chesapeake: first permanent English settlements
· 1490s: native population decreased due to epidemics
· Spain claimed all islands in the Caribbean (but only settled in some)
o despite it, English, French, Dutch settled on smaller islands
· 1621: Spain in war with Netherlands -> English’s rapid pace for colonization
· English: unsuccessful experience with tobacco and cotton -> switched to sugar -> required large labor force -> indentured servitude -> enslaved Africans
(Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean)
· fearful of slavery revolt -> slaves were often treated harshly
· no stability - lacked church, family, community
· Caribbean: important in Atlantic trading world, due to sugar plantation
(The Southwestern Borderlands)
· Spain enjoyed great prosperity (esp. Mexico City)
· principal Spanish colonies north of Mexico (ex. Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California) were not important economically
· colonized California after realizing other competition
o forced natives to convert their religion
· Spain considered France (acquiring Louisiana) as a threat
o 1731: fortified Texas
o to natives: convert them to Catholicism, recruit them (forcibly sometimes) to work in farm, cultivate as trading partners
(The Southeast Borderlands)
· English vs. Spanish (who were present in southeastern area)
· Spain wanted to move toward Carolina <- Jamestown founded, turned Spanish in fears against England -> continuance on growing fear
· English pirates harassed Spanish settlement
o 1668: English pirates sacked St. Augustine
o English encouraged natives to fight Spanish
o Spanish encouraged slaves to fight English
· by the early 18th century: Spanish were driven off Florida
o after Seven Year’s War (French and Indian War), England acquired Florida
(The Founding of Georgia)
· (1732) last colony of England in North America
· James Oglethorpe: Spanish wars Veteran; founder
o limited landholding size
o excluded Africans (fearing for revolts as Spanish might ally)
o excluded Catholics (fearing for Spanish collusion)
o regulated trade with Indians
· later developed as rep. assembly as Spanish threat receded
(Middle Grounds)
· middle ground: region in which neither side (Europeans vs. Indians) established clear dominance
· each negotiated with Indians since soldiers were scattered to help them
o French particularly established good relationship
· England came into power in middle ground
o learnt to keep peaceful relationship with Indians
· after 1776, middle ground collapsed -> European domination
[The Development of Empire]
· colonies’ growing wealth -> pressured England to establish united structure of empire
o passed law to forbid Dutch ships passing English colonies
o Navigation Acts
§ (1660) close colonial trades except between colonies and England
§ (1663) all goods must subject to English taxation if either from/(to) England or from/to English colonies
§ (1673) duties on coastal trade among English colonies
(The Dominion of New England)
· 1675: Lord of Trade – advisors for imperial reform
· 1679: Charles II’s control over Massachusetts
· 1684: revoked Massachusetts charter
· 1685: James II combined all colonies
o single governor: Edmund Andros <- unpopular
(The “Glorious Revolution”)
· James II made enemies in America and England (by appointing his fellow Catholics in high offices, attempting to control Parliament, etc.)
· 1688: Parliament called Mary and William of Orange to take power
· 1689: Boston ppl arrested Andros after hearing this
· Leisler (German merchant) drove Nicholson into exile, captured New York
o 1691: William and Mary appointed a new governor, Leisler resisted <- executed
· Maryland: John Coode drove off Baltimore
· 1691: made Massachusetts and Plymouth one
- London Company headed to Virginia (1607)
(The Founding of Jamestown)
- 104 men sailed to Chesapeake Bay -> established Jamestown
· low and swampy, bordered local Indians
· vulnerable to malaria (local disease)
· supplies spent on finding gold -> no food production
· (1608 January) ship with additional men and supplies
o Captain John Smith: organized, steal food from Indians, etc.
(Reorganization and Expansion)
- London/Virginia Company organized another migration
· Lord De La Warr – first colony governor
· 600 people – a ship sunk, fevers -> (1610 May) reached Jamestown, only 60 survived
o 1609-1610 winter: “starving time”
· Virginia expanded:
o military power to protect themselves from natives
o discovery of tobacco
· (1612) John Rolfe cultivated; tobacco farming spread
o tobacco uses up land quickly -> demand for land increased -> moving deeper and deeper interior -> isolation with Jamestown & closer to natives
o demanded huge labor force
§ “Headlight System” : new settlers receive 50 acres -> massive migration (family unit esp.)
· ironworkers and skilled craftsmen – to diversify the economy
· 1619 July 30 - delegates met at the House of Burgesses
o first elected legislature
· 1619 - introduction of slavery (Dutch ship)
· 1610s – Sir Thomas Dale (successor) assaults against Indians
o chief’s daughter, Pocahontas, acted as translator, adopted English way
· 1622 March – Indians (leader: Opechancanough) killed 347 whites
· 1624 – James I revoked company’s charters
(Exchange of Agricultural Technology)
· hostility between Englishmen and Indians grew
o Englishmen felt they were superior
· Englishmen survived with agriculture technology taken from Indians
(Maryland and the Calverts)
· Maryland colony: venture in real estate & refuge for English Catholic
o George Calvert: died negotiating with the King
o Cecilius Calvert: (son, second Baltimore) received charter
o Leonard Calvert: (son’s brother) as colony governor
· neighboring Indians befriended
· to pay their expense -> recruited more people -> Protestants majority, Catholic minority -> allowed religious toleration (1649: Act Concerning Religion)
· 1635: Calverts agreed to call rep. assembly: “House of Delegates”
· labor shortage -> forced to grant land
o similar to Virginia, headright system
· like Virginia, tobacco cultivation
(Bacon’s Rebellion)
Sir William Berkeley – (1642-1677) dominant governor of Virginia
o favor English, harsh to Indians
· Virginia: rapid population growth
· frontiersmen underrepresented
· 1675 – major conflict between English and natives -> Bacon demanded Berkeley for militia -> Berkeley refused -> Bacon formed his own army -> Berkeley disapproved -> Bacon still battled, quite unsuccessful -> Berkeley called Bacon as rebels -> Bacon turned his army to gov. -> (1676) Bacon’s rebellion
o frontiersmen vs. aristocrats
o ended after Bacon’s death
o result: Indians unwillingly signed new treaty to give more lands to whites
[The Growth of New England]
- Plymouth Company (1606: charter) didn’t mount a successful colonizing expedition
- Captain John Smith: exploration on “New England”
(Plymouth Plantation)
· (1608) Puritan Separatists (Scrooby group) in Holland, Leyden -> later decided to stay away from Dutch society -> move across the Atlantic
· (1620) Scrooby group (“Pilgrims”) in Virginia -> Mayflower
o Mayflower Compact: establish a gov. themselves
o leader: William Bradford
· Indians ‘saved’ Pilgrims – taught agricultural & hunting methods
· not suitable for farming: rather profit on fish and fur
(The Massachusetts Bay Experiment)
· James I -> Charles I – repelled Puritans -> more migration to America
· Puritan merchants create Massachusetts Bay company
o 1630 - (leader: John Winthrop) sailed to New England
· Colonial Massachusetts: theocracy – very religious, pious, serious
· 1629-1630 – many died, but nearby Pilgrims and Indians helped
(The Expansion of New England)
· move interior: 1) fertile land; 2) to avoid oppression of church-dominated gov.
· 1635 – Thomas Hooker led his congregation west -> Hartford
· 1639 – Hartford people founded Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
· New Haven remained independent until 1662
· 1636 - Roger Williams escaped colonial gov. ; 1644 – established Rhode Island with charter from Parliament
· Anne Hutchinson: challenged spiritual authority of the clergy -> later banished to New York
· 1629 - New Hampshire and Maine established
o 1670 – New Hampshire became separate state
o 1820 – Maine separate
(Settlers and Natives)
· friendly; culture exchange -> spread of religion
· tension grew -> thought natives as a threat to religion
(King Philip’s War and the Technology of Battle)
· 1637 – Connecticut: Eng. vs. Natives (Pequot War)
· 1675 – King Philip’s War
o natives rose against Englishmen; Mohawk allies; ended after Metacomet died
· exchange of weapons: natives learnt to use rifles
[The Restoration Colonies]
England had interior problems, and no more colonies were established for 30 yrs.
(The English Civil War)
· Charles I (from 1629) angered parliament by dissolving it and raising tax -> (1649) Cromwell kills him and declared power -> after Cromwell’s death, his son fails -> Charles II comes to power : Restoration -> Charles II, to reward his ppl, grants them land:
o Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
(The Carolinas)
· eight noblemen granted charter (hoped to attract settlers to avoid financing expedition from England)
· religious freedom
· created representative assembly
· Anthony Ashley Cooper: after failure in lucrative colony, continued among all investors
· John Locke: aided Cooper (earl of Shaftesbury) draft Fundamental Constitution
o created social hierarchy
· north: backwoods farmers / south: prosperous agricultural land
· tension between rich Barbadians in southern Carolina and smaller landowners around them
· 1729: King divided the land into north and south
(New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey)
· 1664: Charles II grant Duke of York (later James II) the area between Connecticut and Delaware Rivers -> problem: Dutch claimed for the same -> used force to take it -> 1673: Dutch took it back briefly -> 1674: land returned to England
· religious freedom ; but no rep. assembly -> power to wealthy Eng. landlords
· rapid increase of population
· 1685: Duke of York -> James II
o gave southern New York to John Berkeley and George Carteret; Carteret named it New Jersey (separated in 1674; joined in 1702)
§ religious freedom
§ weak colonial government w/out strict rules
§ no important class of large landowners
(The Quaker Colonies)
· George Fox & Margaret Fell: leaders of “Society of Friends” -> known as Quakers
o rejected predestination and original sin
o believed in self-cultivation to attain salvation
o pacifists, no formal church gov. or clergy
· William Penn: converted Quaker
· 1681: Charles II paid debt by granting territory between New York and Maryland
o Penn established Quaker colony
o had mutual relationship with Indians, as Penn respected them
o conflicts rose -> allowed rep. assembly
§ divided – Delaware (1703)
[Borderlands and Middle Groups]
－ late 17th century – early 18th century, English colonies competed with each other
(The Caribbean Islands)
- Chesapeake: first permanent English settlements
· 1490s: native population decreased due to epidemics
· Spain claimed all islands in the Caribbean (but only settled in some)
o despite it, English, French, Dutch settled on smaller islands
· 1621: Spain in war with Netherlands -> English’s rapid pace for colonization
· English: unsuccessful experience with tobacco and cotton -> switched to sugar -> required large labor force -> indentured servitude -> enslaved Africans
(Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean)
· fearful of slavery revolt -> slaves were often treated harshly
· no stability - lacked church, family, community
· Caribbean: important in Atlantic trading world, due to sugar plantation
(The Southwestern Borderlands)
· Spain enjoyed great prosperity (esp. Mexico City)
· principal Spanish colonies north of Mexico (ex. Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California) were not important economically
· colonized California after realizing other competition
o forced natives to convert their religion
· Spain considered France (acquiring Louisiana) as a threat
o 1731: fortified Texas
o to natives: convert them to Catholicism, recruit them (forcibly sometimes) to work in farm, cultivate as trading partners
(The Southeast Borderlands)
· English vs. Spanish (who were present in southeastern area)
· Spain wanted to move toward Carolina <- Jamestown founded, turned Spanish in fears against England -> continuance on growing fear
· English pirates harassed Spanish settlement
o 1668: English pirates sacked St. Augustine
o English encouraged natives to fight Spanish
o Spanish encouraged slaves to fight English
· by the early 18th century: Spanish were driven off Florida
o after Seven Year’s War (French and Indian War), England acquired Florida
(The Founding of Georgia)
· (1732) last colony of England in North America
· James Oglethorpe: Spanish wars Veteran; founder
o limited landholding size
o excluded Africans (fearing for revolts as Spanish might ally)
o excluded Catholics (fearing for Spanish collusion)
o regulated trade with Indians
· later developed as rep. assembly as Spanish threat receded
(Middle Grounds)
· middle ground: region in which neither side (Europeans vs. Indians) established clear dominance
· each negotiated with Indians since soldiers were scattered to help them
o French particularly established good relationship
· England came into power in middle ground
o learnt to keep peaceful relationship with Indians
· after 1776, middle ground collapsed -> European domination
[The Development of Empire]
· colonies’ growing wealth -> pressured England to establish united structure of empire
o passed law to forbid Dutch ships passing English colonies
o Navigation Acts
§ (1660) close colonial trades except between colonies and England
§ (1663) all goods must subject to English taxation if either from/(to) England or from/to English colonies
§ (1673) duties on coastal trade among English colonies
(The Dominion of New England)
· 1675: Lord of Trade – advisors for imperial reform
· 1679: Charles II’s control over Massachusetts
· 1684: revoked Massachusetts charter
· 1685: James II combined all colonies
o single governor: Edmund Andros <- unpopular
(The “Glorious Revolution”)
· James II made enemies in America and England (by appointing his fellow Catholics in high offices, attempting to control Parliament, etc.)
· 1688: Parliament called Mary and William of Orange to take power
· 1689: Boston ppl arrested Andros after hearing this
· Leisler (German merchant) drove Nicholson into exile, captured New York
o 1691: William and Mary appointed a new governor, Leisler resisted <- executed
· Maryland: John Coode drove off Baltimore
· 1691: made Massachusetts and Plymouth one
