APUSH Cram - Aiming for 5
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    • Brinkley Outline>
      • Ch. 1 :: The Meeting of Cultures
      • Ch. 2 :: Transplantations and Borderlands
      • Ch. 3 :: Society and Culture in Provincial America
      • Ch. 4 :: The Empire in Transition
      • Ch. 5 :: The American Revolution
      • Ch. 6 :: The Constitution and the New Republic
      • Ch. 7 :: The Jeffersonian Era
      • Ch. 8 :: Varieties of American Nationaism
      • Ch. 9 :: Jacksonian America
      • Ch. 10 :: America's Economic Revolution
      • Ch. 11 :: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
      • Ch. 12 :: Antebellum Culture and Reform
      • Ch. 13 :: The Impending Crisis
      • Ch. 14 :: The Civil War
      • Ch. 15 :: Reconstruction and the New South
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[The Early Chesapeake]

- London Company headed to Virginia (1607)

(The Founding of Jamestown)

- 104 men sailed to Chesapeake Bay -> established Jamestown

·      low and swampy, bordered local Indians

·      vulnerable to malaria (local disease)

·      supplies spent on finding gold -> no food production

·      (1608 January) ship with additional men and supplies

o   Captain John Smith: organized, steal food from Indians, etc.

(Reorganization and Expansion)

- London/Virginia Company organized another migration

·      Lord De La Warr – first colony governor

·      600 people – a ship sunk, fevers -> (1610 May) reached Jamestown, only 60 survived

o   1609-1610 winter: “starving time”

·      Virginia expanded:

o   military power to protect themselves from natives

o   discovery of tobacco

·      (1612) John Rolfe cultivated; tobacco farming spread

o   tobacco uses up land quickly -> demand for land increased -> moving deeper and deeper interior -> isolation with Jamestown & closer to natives

o   demanded huge labor force

§  “Headlight System” : new settlers receive 50 acres -> massive migration (family unit esp.)

·      ironworkers and skilled craftsmen – to diversify the economy

·      1619 July 30 - delegates met at the House of Burgesses

o   first elected legislature

·      1619 - introduction of slavery (Dutch ship)

·      1610s – Sir Thomas Dale (successor) assaults against Indians

o   chief’s daughter, Pocahontas, acted as translator, adopted English way

·      1622 March – Indians (leader: Opechancanough) killed 347 whites

·      1624 – James I revoked company’s charters

(Exchange of Agricultural Technology)

·      hostility between Englishmen and Indians grew

o   Englishmen felt they were superior

·      Englishmen survived with agriculture technology taken from Indians

(Maryland and the Calverts)

·      Maryland colony: venture in real estate & refuge for English Catholic

o   George Calvert: died negotiating with the King

o   Cecilius Calvert: (son, second Baltimore) received charter

o   Leonard Calvert: (son’s brother) as colony governor

·      neighboring Indians befriended

·      to pay their expense -> recruited more people -> Protestants majority, Catholic minority -> allowed religious toleration (1649: Act Concerning Religion)

·      1635: Calverts agreed to call rep. assembly: “House of Delegates”

·      labor shortage -> forced to grant land

o   similar to Virginia, headright system

·      like Virginia, tobacco cultivation

(Bacon’s Rebellion)

Sir William Berkeley – (1642-1677) dominant governor of Virginia

o   favor English, harsh to Indians

·      Virginia: rapid population growth

·      frontiersmen underrepresented

·      1675 – major conflict between English and natives -> Bacon demanded Berkeley for militia -> Berkeley refused -> Bacon formed his own army -> Berkeley disapproved -> Bacon still battled, quite unsuccessful -> Berkeley called Bacon as rebels -> Bacon turned his army to gov. -> (1676) Bacon’s rebellion

o   frontiersmen vs. aristocrats

o   ended after Bacon’s death

o   result: Indians unwillingly signed new treaty to give more lands to whites

[The Growth of New England]

- Plymouth Company (1606: charter) didn’t mount a successful colonizing expedition

- Captain John Smith: exploration on “New England”

(Plymouth Plantation)

·      (1608) Puritan Separatists (Scrooby group) in Holland, Leyden -> later decided to stay away from Dutch society -> move across the Atlantic

·      (1620) Scrooby group (“Pilgrims”) in Virginia -> Mayflower

o   Mayflower Compact: establish a gov. themselves

o   leader: William Bradford

·      Indians ‘saved’ Pilgrims – taught agricultural & hunting methods

·      not suitable for farming: rather profit on fish and fur

(The Massachusetts Bay Experiment)

·      James I -> Charles I – repelled Puritans -> more migration to America

·      Puritan merchants create Massachusetts Bay company

o   1630 - (leader: John Winthrop) sailed to New England

·      Colonial Massachusetts: theocracy – very religious, pious, serious

·      1629-1630 – many died, but nearby Pilgrims and Indians helped

(The Expansion of New England)

·      move interior: 1) fertile land; 2) to avoid oppression of church-dominated gov.

·      1635 – Thomas Hooker led his congregation west -> Hartford

·      1639 – Hartford people founded Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

·      New Haven remained independent until 1662

·      1636 - Roger Williams escaped colonial gov. ; 1644 – established Rhode Island with charter from Parliament

·      Anne Hutchinson: challenged spiritual authority of the clergy -> later banished to New York

·      1629 - New Hampshire and Maine established

o   1670 – New Hampshire became separate state

o   1820 – Maine separate

(Settlers and Natives)

·      friendly; culture exchange -> spread of religion

·      tension grew -> thought natives as a threat to religion

(King Philip’s War and the Technology of Battle)

·      1637 – Connecticut: Eng. vs. Natives (Pequot War)

·      1675 – King Philip’s War

o   natives rose against Englishmen; Mohawk allies; ended after Metacomet died

·      exchange of weapons: natives learnt to use rifles

[The Restoration Colonies]

England had interior problems, and no more colonies were established for 30 yrs.

(The English Civil War)

·      Charles I (from 1629) angered parliament by dissolving it and raising tax -> (1649) Cromwell kills him and declared power -> after Cromwell’s death, his son fails -> Charles II comes to power : Restoration -> Charles II, to reward his ppl, grants them land:

o   Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

(The Carolinas)

·      eight noblemen granted charter (hoped to attract settlers to avoid financing expedition from England)

·      religious freedom

·      created representative assembly

·      Anthony Ashley Cooper: after failure in lucrative colony, continued among all investors

·      John Locke: aided Cooper (earl of Shaftesbury) draft Fundamental Constitution

o   created social hierarchy

·      north: backwoods farmers / south: prosperous agricultural land

·      tension between rich Barbadians in southern Carolina and smaller landowners around them

·      1729: King divided the land into north and south

(New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey)

·      1664: Charles II grant Duke of York (later James II) the area between Connecticut and Delaware Rivers -> problem: Dutch claimed for the same -> used force to take it -> 1673: Dutch took it back briefly -> 1674: land returned to England

·      religious freedom ; but no rep. assembly -> power to wealthy Eng. landlords

·      rapid increase of population

·      1685: Duke of York -> James II

o   gave southern New York to John Berkeley and George Carteret; Carteret named it New Jersey (separated in 1674; joined in 1702)

§  religious freedom

§  weak colonial government w/out strict rules

§  no important class of large landowners

(The Quaker Colonies)

·      George Fox & Margaret Fell: leaders of “Society of Friends” -> known as Quakers

o   rejected predestination and original sin

o   believed in self-cultivation to attain salvation

o   pacifists, no formal church gov. or clergy

·      William Penn: converted Quaker

·      1681: Charles II paid debt by granting territory between New York and Maryland

o   Penn established Quaker colony

o   had mutual relationship with Indians, as Penn respected them

o   conflicts rose -> allowed rep. assembly

§  divided – Delaware (1703)

[Borderlands and Middle Groups]

- late 17th century – early 18th century, English colonies competed with each other

(The Caribbean Islands)

- Chesapeake: first permanent English settlements

·      1490s: native population decreased due to epidemics

·      Spain claimed all islands in the Caribbean (but only settled in some)

o   despite it, English, French, Dutch settled on smaller islands

·      1621: Spain in war with Netherlands -> English’s rapid pace for colonization

·      English: unsuccessful experience with tobacco and cotton -> switched to sugar -> required large labor force -> indentured servitude -> enslaved Africans

(Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean)

·      fearful of slavery revolt -> slaves were often treated harshly

·      no stability - lacked church, family, community

·      Caribbean: important in Atlantic trading world, due to sugar plantation

(The Southwestern Borderlands)

·      Spain enjoyed great prosperity (esp. Mexico City)

·      principal Spanish colonies north of Mexico (ex. Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California) were not important economically

·      colonized California after realizing other competition

o   forced natives to convert their religion

·      Spain considered France (acquiring Louisiana) as a threat

o   1731: fortified Texas

o   to natives: convert them to Catholicism, recruit them (forcibly sometimes) to work in farm, cultivate as trading partners

(The Southeast Borderlands)

·      English vs. Spanish (who were present in southeastern area)

·      Spain wanted to move toward Carolina <- Jamestown founded, turned Spanish in fears against England -> continuance on growing fear

·      English pirates harassed Spanish settlement

o   1668: English pirates sacked St. Augustine

o   English encouraged natives to fight Spanish

o   Spanish encouraged slaves to fight English

·      by the early 18th century: Spanish were driven off Florida

o   after Seven Year’s War (French and Indian War), England acquired Florida

(The Founding of Georgia)

·      (1732) last colony of England in North America

·      James Oglethorpe: Spanish wars Veteran; founder

o   limited landholding size

o   excluded Africans (fearing for revolts as Spanish might ally)

o   excluded Catholics (fearing for Spanish collusion)

o   regulated trade with Indians

·      later developed as rep. assembly as Spanish threat receded

(Middle Grounds)

·      middle ground: region in which neither side (Europeans vs. Indians) established clear dominance

·      each negotiated with Indians since soldiers were scattered to help them

o   French particularly established good relationship

·      England came into power in middle ground

o   learnt to keep peaceful relationship with Indians

·      after 1776, middle ground collapsed -> European domination

 

[The Development of Empire]

·      colonies’ growing wealth -> pressured England to establish united structure of empire

o   passed law to forbid Dutch ships passing English colonies

o   Navigation Acts

§  (1660) close colonial trades except between colonies and England

§  (1663) all goods must subject to English taxation if either from/(to) England or from/to English colonies

§  (1673) duties on coastal trade among English colonies

(The Dominion of New England)

·      1675: Lord of Trade – advisors for imperial reform

·      1679: Charles II’s control over Massachusetts

·      1684: revoked Massachusetts charter

·      1685: James II combined all colonies

o   single governor: Edmund Andros <- unpopular

(The “Glorious Revolution”)

·      James II made enemies in America and England (by appointing his fellow Catholics in high offices, attempting to control Parliament, etc.)

·      1688: Parliament called Mary and William of Orange to take power

·      1689: Boston ppl arrested Andros after hearing this

·      Leisler (German merchant) drove Nicholson into exile, captured New York

o   1691: William and Mary appointed a new governor, Leisler resisted <- executed

·      Maryland: John Coode drove off Baltimore

·      1691: made Massachusetts and Plymouth one

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